<p>Old Baldy, also known as the Tower, is a hill located near the village of Lynch, in Boyd County, in the northern part of the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. It was visited by the Lewis and Clark Expedition on their way up the Missouri River in 1804; nearby, they discovered a colony of prairie dogs, an animal previously unknown to scientists.</p><br>
<p>For its connection with Lewis and Clark, and because it has little changed since their passage in 1804, the site was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Old Baldy is located about 7 mi north of Lynch, Nebraska, and about half a mile (about a kilometer) south of the Missouri River. It is part of a line of bluffs at the southern edge of the Missouri valley; it rises an additional 70 ft above the surrounding highlands, reaching an elevation of 1,585 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The formation making up the hill is part of the Pierre Shale, deposited in the deep marine waters of the Western Interior Seaway during the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the late Cretaceous period, 70&ndash;80 million years ago. The Pierre consists chiefly of dark shale, but also contains chalky strata, one of which is exposed at the top of the hill. The chalk does not readily support plant growth, giving the hill its conspicuous bald appearance.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>For many years before the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson had contemplated seeking a water route from the United States to the Pacific Ocean. With the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, this could be done legally. Jefferson, now President of the United States, accordingly dispatched the Lewis and Clark Expedition up the Missouri River. The party was charged with following the main stem of the river to its headwaters and then finding rivers running westward from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. They were also directed to establish peaceable relations with the indigenous peoples of the region; to note mineral and other resources; to map the major physiographic features; and to describe and collect specimens of the flora and fauna of the territory.</p><br>
<p>On May 14, 1804, the party left its winter quarters at Camp Dubois, near the confluence of the Missouri and the Mississippi River. On July 21, it reached the mouth of the Platte River; on September 4, the mouth of the Niobrara River.</p><br>
<p>On September 7, 1804, the two captains left the boats to explore the conspicuous bald hill, which they had seen from the river the day before. They climbed to the summit and measured its height as 70 ft, and its base as 300 ft.</p><br>
<p>In descending the hill, the explorers discovered a colony of prairie dogs, an animal then unknown to science, though known to French explorers. To secure specimens, Lewis and Clark summoned other members of the party from the boat. They were able to shoot one, "which was cooked for the Capts dinner", but wanted a live animal. An attempt to dig one out of its burrow proved unsuccessful: after digging 6 ft through hard clay, the men thrust a pole down the hole and discovered that they were less than halfway to the bottom. The party then attempted to flood an animal out, which also proved no small task: "we por&#39;d into one of the holes 5 barrels of water without filling it." Although they worked until nightfall, they only succeeded in flushing out and capturing a single prairie dog.</p><br>
<p>The prairie dog survived the trip up the river to the expeditions winter camp at Fort Mandan, near the mouth of the Knife River in present-day North Dakota. On April 7, 1805, the expeditions keelboat was dispatched back down the Missouri to St. Louis, carrying a collection of specimens including six living animals: a sharp-tailed grouse, four magpies, and the prairie dog. The grouse apparently died between St. Louis and New Orleans, and three of the magpies did not survive the trip from New Orleans to Baltimore. On October 4, the prairie dog and the surviving magpie were inspected by President Jefferson in Washington, D.C. They were then sent to Charles Willson Peale for his museum in Philadelphia. The prairie dog is known to have survived at least until April 1806.</p><br>
<p>As a conspicuous and recognizable landmark, Old Baldy was used by surveyors operating in this region of Nebraska and South Dakota. In particular, it was used by Lieutenant J. C. Clark (apparently unrelated to William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition) in an 1860 survey to lay out the boundary of the 96,000 acre Fort Randall Military Reservation. In 1948, the USA Coast and Geodetic Survey established a triangulation station named "Lynch" atop a hill located just north of Old Baldy; the northern hill is of about the same height, but is not devoid of vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>Promotion and protection</h2><br>
<p>For communities along the Missouri River in eastern Nebraska, the 2004 bicentennial of the Lewis and Clark Expedition was an opportunity to promote tourism. It was estimated that as many as 40 million people might travel to parts of the Corps of Discovery&#39;s route in that year.</p><br>
<p>The residents of Lynch used the prairie-dog episode as a focus for tourism promotion. Although the animals are generally regarded as pests by farmers and ranchers, it was thought that the story of their discovery might draw visitors specifically to the area. To fund Lewis and Clark-related projects, the city sold stuffed fabric prairie dogs made by local volunteers and dubbed "Lynch Dawgs". A Lynch restaurateur also installed a 4 ft chainsaw sculpture of a prairie dog outside of his establishment. Tourist promotion of Old Baldy continued after the Lewis and Clark bicentennial.</p><br>
<p>In 2004, an area of about 1,082 acre including Old Baldy was placed on the National Register of Historic Places under the name "the Tower". The site was nominated for its connection to Lewis and Clark; it was noted that the surrounding prairie and burr oak woodlands were little altered since 1804. In 2005, a conservation easement was purchased covering 524 acre including the hill.</p><br>
<p>The site is on private land, but can be viewed from an overlook with an interpretive sign off a nearby county road.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Ferdinand Shrine and Historic Site is located at no. 1 rue St. Francois, Florissant, Missouri, and is owned, preserved, maintained, and protected by the non-profit organization, Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, Inc. The Shrine and Historic Site consists of four historic buildings on their original locations: the 1819 convent, 1821 church, 1840 rectory, and 1888 schoolhouse.</p><br>
<p>The convent, church, and rectory may be visited for historic tours and religious pilgrimages. The schoolhouse may be used for public or private gatherings. Artifacts from virtually every era in Old St. Ferdinand&#39;s history are on display in the museum and throughout the buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The site represents a physical link to American pioneer times, the North American Jesuit Missions to the Native Americans as well as the home of Catholic education in the Midwest. The 1819 convent is the site of the first Catholic school between the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains. The 1821 Church is the oldest remaining church building built between the Mississippi River and Rockies Mountains. It was the home of the region&#39;s only canonized Catholic saint, Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Around 1767, just a few years after Pierre Laclede and August Chouteau established the fur-trading village of St. Louis, French plantation owners settled in an area they called "Fleurissant."</p><br>
<p>In 1782, August Chouteau named François Dunegant the "Commandant of Fleurissant" and charged him with protecting the settlement from Indian attacks. The Louisiana Territory had been ceded to Spain in 1763 and a 1788 census identified the settlement as "St. Ferdinand" with a population of 40 with seven plantations. At that time, Dunegant issued a land grant to establish a church and priest&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>Local carpenter, Hyacenthe Deshetres oversaw the construction of the church. Two years later, Father Bernard de Limpach, a Capuchin friar, began serving as the first pastor.</p><br>
<p>In 1818, Bishop Louis Dubourg arrived in St. Louis to establish his residence and Episcopal see. He went a long way to attract Catholic missionaries and educators to settlements throughout the territory, serving both pioneers from Europe and Native Americans. St. Ferdinand would be directly affected by DuBourg&#39;s evangelization program in the Upper Louisiana Purchase Territory. Among the religious DuBourg recruited following his ordination as bishop in 1815 was a member of the recently formed Religious of the Sacred Heart, Mother Rose Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<p>Duchesne established the first Catholic school for girls west of the Mississippi in St. Charles, Missouri, in 1818, then in 1819 relocated to Florissant. Later, she founded nine schools in the Louisiana Territory and received the vows of the first American women to enter religious life in the Midwest. She succeeded in getting Jesuits to settle in Florissant, and in 1840 to build a large, enduring rock building from limestone with walnut beams, the centerpiece of their St. Stanislaus Seminary until they moved away in 1971. In her last years she would be called "Quah-kah-ka-num-ad" or "Woman-who-prays-always" by members of the Patowamie tribe. Pope John Paul II canonized St. Rose Philippine Duchesne in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>The 1819 convent</h2><br>
<p>The convent was built in the Federal Style under the supervision of Father Duran, a Trappist monk who was serving as pastor. The sisters arrived in time for Christmas 1819, where Father de la Croix offered the first Mass in the chapel at midnight on December 24. The convent was the home to the Religious of the Sacred Heart and to boarding students (girls) and served as a school for both French-speaking, English-speaking, and Native American students. Many extant personal letters from Philippine Duchesne and the students provide a glimpse into the daily hardships, Catholic devotions, and personal interactions of residents of the convent. It would be the saint&#39;s home from 1819&ndash;1827 and from 1834-1840.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the convent includes a chapel, two parlors, and a refectory (dining room). Beneath the staircase to the second floor is a small closet in which Mother Duchesne slept so she could be close to the chapel. The second floor and attic space was used as a convent community room, dormitories, a novitiate, and infirmary.</p><br>
<p>The Religious of the Sacred Heart left St. Ferdinand in 1846 and were replaced in 1847 by the Sisters of Loretto. The Sisters of Loretto convent was enlarged but the addition was removed, preserving only the original part known by St. Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<h2>The 1821 church</h2><br>
<p>The current church replaced the old log church in 1821. The current church is the oldest west of the Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Mother Duchesne paid for the cornerstone of the church. Out of deference to her principal personal devotions to the Sacred Heart of Jesus and St. Francis Regis, the church was dedicated to the Sacred Heart under the invocation of St. Ferdinand III and St. Francis Regis.</p><br>
<p>For the education of boys and missionary work among the indigenous people Bishop DuBourg invited the Jesuits. Charles Van Quickenborne arrived in Florissant with a large group of Belgian novices in 1823. He was promptly put in charge of the parish. The Jesuits served there for the entire duration of the parish. Famous missionary to the Native Americans Pierre-Jean DeSmet, S.J., was ordained a priest in St. Ferdinand church in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Fr. DeSmet traveled 180,000 miles visiting almost every Native American tribe the West and crossing the Atlantic a total of nineteen times to solicit financial support from nearly every European nation. He established Catholic missions at the request of tribal chiefs and bishops. DeSmet arranged peace between warring tribes, calmed uprisings and negotiated a treaty for the USA government eventually befriending the famous chief, Sitting Bull. Even Protestant writers remarked that he was the sincerest friend to the Native Americans. Fr. DeSmet returned to St. Ferdinand regularly to minister to the parishioners, seek Mother Duchesne&#39;s help, and consult fellow Jesuits.</p><br>
<p>Bishop Joseph Rosati, the first bishop of St. Louis, consecrated the church in 1832. The church was lengthened in 1880.</p><br>
<h2>The 1840 rectory</h2><br>
<p>The rectory was home to the Jesuit priests that served St. Ferdinand. The first floor consisted of rooms for parish meetings and the second floor was the residential space for the priests.</p><br>
<h2>The 1888 schoolhouse</h2><br>
<p>A parish school was constructed in 1888 and a second floor was added in 1889.</p><br>
<h2>Historic recognition and designation as a shrine</h2><br>
<p>In 1955 Old St. Ferdinand ceased to be a parish and the boundaries were redrawn. The Friends of Old St. Ferdinand, Inc. was established in 1958 to maintain and preserve the historic structures. Fire damaged the Church and rectory in 1966 but they were completely repaired and restored.</p><br>
<p>Cardinal John Carberry, Archbishop of St. Louis, transferred all buildings and property to the Friends of Old St. Ferdinand in 1978. All four buildings were included on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 as the St. Ferdinand&#39;s Shrine Historic District. With the canonization of Mother Duchesne in 1988 the Archdiocese of St. Louis designated the historic complex as a shrine to St. Rose Philippine Duchesne.</p><br>
<p>Battle Mountain is a mountain in east-central British Columbia, Canada, located in the south-east region of Wells Gray Provincial Park. The Clearwater River flows to the west, Stevens Lakes are to the east, Philip Creek is to the south and Hemp Creek is to the north. Battle Mountain is part of the Shuswap Highland. There are three summits in the group, ranging from 2,306 m to 2,369 m.</p><br>
<p>Battle Mountain is accessible by a combination of road and trail. It is a popular summer tourist attraction and is especially noted for colourful alpine meadows. The access trail is longer and more strenuous than the one to nearby Trophy Mountain to the south, so fewer people visit Battle Mountain and the Caribou Meadows. The hike to the meadows can be accomplished as a day outing, but hikers who want to attain Fiftytwo Ridge and Battle Mountain summit should plan for two days and carry overnight equipment.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Battle Mountain Road turns east off Clearwater Valley Road (also called Wells Gray Park Road) 26.6 km north of the Yellowhead Highway. The gravel road is passable for all vehicles for the first 2.4 km, then it becomes steep and rough; so that a high-clearance vehicle is necessary for the next 5 km to the parking lot.</p><br>
<p>A well-used trail starts here. The first section is the steepest and climbs 248 m in 2.1 km up the canyon of Philip Creek to a hanging valley where Philip Lake is located. Then it continues at an easier grade, ascending 170 m to the beginning of the Caribou Meadows. The trail meanders through the meadows, along the west shore of Fight Lake, then climbs to the top of Fiftytwo Ridge. Beyond there, it is a hiking route through meadows and rock which first descends into Bull Valley, then climbs onto Battle Mountain itself. The hiking season on Battle Mountain is from late June through September.</p><br>
<h2>Origin of names</h2><br>
<p>Battle Mountain: The names “Battle Mountain”, “Battle Creek”, “Fight Lake” and “Indian Valley” all arise from a legendary Indian battle between the Chilcotin and Shuswap bands around 1875. In the mid-nineteenth century, great herds of caribou migrated each spring through the Clearwater Valley in an east-west direction. The Chilcotin Indians dominated most of the migration route, except for the Battle Mountain area where the Canim Lake band and the Shuswap band at Chu Chua hunted. At some of the small lakes on the floor of Indian Valley, the Chilcotins built long wire and stone fences leading to a narrow opening on the lakeshore. The caribou were then chased through the V-shaped traps into the water and speared as they swam to shore. The battle took place near these traps and was apparently a showdown over the caribou hunting grounds, since the numbers of animals began to decrease around this time.</p><br>
<p>Fiftytwo Ridge: Named because a biological study by Pat Martin and Ralph Ritcey was conducted there in 1952.</p><br>
<p>Philip Creek: Named for Clearwater Valley land-owners William and Ella Philip.</p><br>
<p>Mount Philip: Although near the head of Philip Creek, it was named for Mr. C. Philips, an assistant on Robert Lee’s 1914 land survey of the Clearwater Valley and Murtle Plateau.</p><br>
<p>Stevens Lakes: This chain of six lakes along Snookwa Creek is east of Battle Mountain and near the treeline. The lakes are named for Whitney W. “Pat” Stevens of the British Columbia Forest Service who conducted a forest reconnaissance survey in the Clearwater Valley in 1921. He was 22 that summer, a graduate of the University of New Brunswick, and spent most of his life in forestry work. He died in 1960.</p><br>
<p>Mount Chortiatis or Hortiatis , known in Antiquity as Cissus or Kissos, is a mountain in Central Macedonia, Greece. It rises southeast of Thessaloniki, peaking at 1,201 metres. Besides the city of Thessaloniki, there are several suburbs and villages located on the foothills of Chortiatis, most notably Chortiatis and the affluent suburb of Panorama, both of them belonging in the Pylaia-Chortiatis municipality. The mountains landscape is wooded, with part of these woods making up Thessalonikis Seich Sou Forest National Park. A fall wind that occurs on the Thermaic Gulf was named after the mountain as well.</p><br>
<p>Mount Chortiatis played a crucial role for the water supply of Thessaloniki from ancient up until modern times. In the late Byzantine period (ca. 1300), the Chortaïtes monastery on the northern slopes of the mountain provided the city and the region east of it with fresh water by an aqueduct whose remains have been partly preserved.</p><br>
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<p>The Nanxi River , also known as the Nậm Thi River in Vietnamese or Namiti, is a tributary of the Red River located in China&#39;s Yunnan province. It is a border river of Lào Cai, Vietnam, and Hekou, China.</p><br>
<p>It flows generally north to south from Mengzi to Hekou, where it joins the Red River and flows into Vietnam.</p><br>
<p>The Chinese portion of the Yunnan–Vietnam Railway was built partly along the Nanxi River valley from 1906 to 1910, linking the city of Kunming with the Vietnamese capital, Hanoi. (originally published 1910)</p><br>
<p>The mountainous terrain of the Nanxi River Valley posed special difficulties for the railway&#39;s construction; this, along with the endemic nature of malaria in the area, led to the deaths of at least 10,000 workers in the valley. Today, the Nanxi River is known as a destination for white water rafting.</p><br>
<p>Morgan&#39;s Mount is a structure extending from the north site of the city walls of Chester, in Cheshire, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was constructed in 1645 during the siege of Chester in the Civil War as an observation platform and gun emplacement. After the Battle of Rowton Heath in September of that year, a gun on the Mount was destroyed by Parliamentary forces. It was originally named the Raised Square Platform, and is said to have been named later after the Royalist Captain William Morgan, or his son, Edward.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Mount is constricted in red sandstone coursed rubble, and is rectangular in shape. It contains a chamber at the level of the walkway, with barred openings to the west and the north. Two flights of five steps lead up to the roof, which has a stone parapet surmounted by an iron railing. At the northeast corner of the roof is an L-shaped stone bench.</p><br>
<p>Gordon&#39;s Ferry is both a geographical location and a historic site in Bakersfield, California. It is located where China Grade Loop crosses the Kern River and meets with Alfred Harrell Highway in Northeast Bakersfield. It is named after a ferry that used to cross the river near the existing bridge. It was one of the only eastern crossings, until 1877, when the Jewett Avenue bridge was constructed further west. It is a California Historical Landmark #137.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 49ers on their way to the Gold Fields during the California Gold Rush, used this place as a ford crossing. In 1853, as the Kern River Gold Rush began, Major Aneas Gordon begin operating a ferry at the crossing of the Stockton - Los Angeles Road. It was an overhead cable type, with a flat bottom boat. With a growing number of settlers coming to the region, the ferry experienced much traffic.</p><br>
<h3>Butterfield Overland Mail</h3><br>
<p>In 1857, the Butterfield Overland Mail 1st Division was established and used the ferry on its San Francisco to Saint Louis postal route. The stage company would establish a station at that location (one of six in Kern County) which was called the Kern River Station.</p><br>
<p>Butterfield Overland Mail continued to use the ferry until the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. Because the original route crossed into the Confederacy, the U. S. Postmaster directed Butterfield to change to the Central Overland Route. Kern River Station would continue to be used by other stagecoach companies until the railroad made them obsolete. The ferry, would continue to be used by settlers and residents until 1877, when the Jewett Avenue bridge was constructed to the west.</p><br>
<h3>Oilfield and bridges</h3><br>
<p>As a river crossing, Gordons Ferry sat empty for many years. However, oil was discovered in the Kern River Oil Field in 1899 (the first oil discovery in Kern County). The oilfield was just north of Gordons Ferry. Oil was hauled out by trains, which were located in Sumner and Bakersfield, which is south of the river. As a result, in 1901 a wooden bridge was constructed at the previous ferry crossing.</p><br>
<p>It would later be replaced with the concrete bridge which exist today. In 1937, the site would be declared California Historical Landmark. It would be the first historical landmark declared in Kern County.</p><br>
<p>The Building at 205 DeMers Ave. is a property in Grand Forks, North Dakota that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. While the building was still listed on the National Register in 2009, it apparently was destroyed by the 1997 Red River Flood.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1888, but its first occupant is not known. It was later occupied by a harness-maker shop. According to Joe and Norene Roberts, the building is significant for its architecture, as "one of two early brick-veneered frame commercial buildings which represent the first generation of substantial business blocks in the city of Grand Forks."</p><br>
<p>It includes Early Commercial, vernacular, and other architecture.</p><br>
<p>The listing was for an area of less than one acre with just one contributing building.</p><br>
<p>The listing is described in the North Dakota Cultural Resources Survey document.</p><br>
<p>The property was covered in a 1981 study of Downtown Grand Forks historical resources.</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church, also known as Grace Church, is an historic Carpenter Gothic style Episcopal church building located at 203 West Main Street in Buena Vista, Chaffee County, Colorado. Built in 1889 by the Lannan Brothers, its Carpenter Gothic details include board and batten siding, lancet windows and door openings and buttresses. On January 20, 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places. On February 7, 2007, the church received of the Colorado Historic Society&#39;s 21st Annual Stephen H. Hart Awards for its restoration of the interior and exterior of the building.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Grace Episcopal Church and the local United Methodist congregation formed a federated congregation with the approval of their respective denominational authorities. The United Methodist Congregation now styles itself Grace United Methodist Faith Community. Each one retains its separate corporate organization while worshiping together. Services on the first and third Sundays are led by a United Methodist minister while services are the second and third Sundays are led by an Episcopal priest.</p><br>
<p>Phoenix Tower stands at the northeast corner of the city walls in Chester, England. The tower is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. It has also been known as Newton Tower and King Charles&#39; Tower.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The structure probably originated in the 13th century. During the later part of the 16th century the tower was leased to two city guilds, the Painters and Stationers, and the Barbers and Chandlers, who sublet it to other guilds. By 1612 the fabric of the tower was in a poor condition, and the lead had been lost from its roof. It was restored by the two guilds, and above the door they placed a plaque containing the date 1613 and a carving of a phoenix, the emblem of the Painters. In the Civil War, during the Siege of Chester in 1645, the tower had a gun in each storey, and it was damaged in the conflict. A plaque on the tower states that King Charles I stood on the tower on 24 September 1645 as he watched his soldiers being defeated at the Battle of Rowton Heath. The historian Simon Ward has expressed doubts about this and has suggested that the king may have stood instead on a tower of Chester Cathedral, which he considers is confirmed by evidence that a captain standing beside him was killed by a stray shot.</p><br>
<p>The guilds resumed possession of the tower in 1658, and repaired it. They ceased possession by about 1773, after which the city carried out repairs. However, by 1838, the tower was described as being in a dilapidated condition. By this time, the city was promoting it as a tourist attraction because of its reputed connection with King Charles. In the late 1850s, the lower chamber was being used by a print-seller, and later in the century the tower was made a private museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The tower is constructed in red coursed sandstone, with a pyramidal slate roof. The tower is in four stages, the lower two of which are below the walkway on the wall. Each of the upper stages contains a chamber. At the level of the walkway, in the third stage, is a round-headed doorway. Above the doorway is a plaque dated 1613 containing the carved image of a phoenix. An external stairway leads to the upper storey. Internally, the lower chamber is octagonal in plan, with a diameter of about 30 ft, and it contains five slit windows. Externally, between the upper two stages, is a string course. In the upper stage is a doorway and four three-light leaded casement windows. The top of the tower has a battlemented parapet, lead hip roofs and an ornate weathervane.</p><br>
<p>The Riffelwandspitzen are two adjacent mountains in the Wetterstein range in Bavaria. The summit of the Great Riffelwandspitze  reaches a height of, the summit of the Little Riffelwandspitze .</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>The Great and Little Riffelwandspitze are the two most prominent peaks on the short crest of the Riffelwandkamm that runs from Germany&#39;s highest mountain, the Zugspitze, northeast towards the Waxensteinkamm.</p><br>
<p>Its south faces drop steeply into the Höllentalkar cirque, its north faces plunge into the Riffelriß above the lake of Eibsee. A knife-edge ridge runs from the Great Riffelwandspitze in a southwesterly direction to the Zugspitze. The ridge of the Riffelwandkamm joins the Little Riffelwandspitze to the Waxensteinkamm passing over the Riffeltorkopf. A side ridge runs away to the Eastern Riffelkopf (Östlichen Riffelkopf), whose east face plummets vertically into the Höllental valley.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and routes</h2><br>
<p>The most suitable base for an ascent over the south face is the Höllentalanger Hut. The routes on the northern side are best approached from the Eibsee or the railway halt of Riffelriß on the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway.</p><br>
<p>The easisest route to the Little Riffelwandspitze runs from the col of Riffelscharte and the Riffeltorkopf up steep Schroffen and gullies to the top (climbing grade I (UIAA)).</p><br>
<p>The Great Riffelwandspitze was first climbed on 2 August 1866 via the east ridge by F. Resch and C. Sam. They then succeeded in making the first ridge crossing to the Zugspitze. The route is classified as grade IV- and has long been viewed as the most difficult and dangerous route in the Wetterstein Mountains. The other routes are classified between grades III and VII. All these climbs are only suitable for experienced mountaineers.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Stephan Beulke: Alpenvereinsführer Wetterstein. 4th ed. Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 1996, p. 450ff.</p><br>
<p>The Riffelspitzen are two neighbouring peaks in the Wetterstein range in Bavaria. The Southern Riffelspitze  is high; the Northern Riffelspitze  attains.</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>The Riffelspitzen rise from the ridge of the Waxensteinkamm in the northern Wetterstein Mountains. To the north is the lake of Eibsee, to the south runs the Höllental. The next mountain to the southwest is the Riffeltorkopf, which is separated from by the knife-edge of the high Riffelscharte. To the northeast the ridge continues to the high Schönangerspitze.</p><br>
<p>Whilst on the southern side grassy slopes, punctuated by rocky schrofen, run almost to the summit ridge, on the northern side, bare rock faces drop steeply away.</p><br>
<h2>Bases and routes</h2><br>
<p>The wind gap of the Riffelscharte to the southwest forms a crossing between northern and southern sides of the Waxensteinkamm crest and can be reached on marked hiking trails from the Eibsee (partly over protected klettersteigs) or from Ehrwald, as well as from the valley of Höllental. The most important base for these mountains, the Höllentalanger Hut lies in the last-named valley.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Riffelspitze can be reached from the Riffelscharte in about 20 minutes along a grade I climb. A climbing route of grade V- difficulty runs up the northwest face.</p><br>
<p>The normal route to the Northern Riffelspitze runs from the Southern Riffelspitze in 20 minutes and is a climb of grade I difficulty. In addition the mountain can be climbed along the southeast (I) and northeast (II) ridges. The route first used by Willo Welzenbach and E. Müller up the northwest face is rated as grade V.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Stephan Beulke: Alpenvereinsführer Wetterstein. 4th ed. Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 1996, p. 147ff.</p><br>
<p>Ångardsvatnet is a lake in Storlidalen, a part of Lønset parishes in Oppdal, .</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This lake is the largest of the lakes in Lønset located in the Trollheimen mountains, about 35 km (the east end) west of Oppdal, surrounded by mountains Gråfjellet, :no:Kråkvasstind and Lorthøa in the south and Bårdsgardskammen and Okla in the north. The lake was regulated in connection with the development of Driva power plant opened in 1973. Ångardsvatnet is associated with Dalsvatnet through Haug River (Haugelva - 1.7 km). The regulation of the lake resulted Vindøla river, which flows out of Dalsvatnet in the east end and runs into Driva right down from the village Lønset, has very little water flow in parts of the year.</p><br>
<h2>Uses</h2><br>
<p>The lake offers good bathing possibilities and other activities (fishing and boattrips) during the summer. Lønset landowners disposes the fishing rights and sells fishing permits for sports fishing. In winter it offers on the activities of groomed ski trails and good opportunities for the ice fishing. The annual ice fishing contest is held around Easter.</p><br>
<p>Palaui Island is one of the islands in the Philippines, located off the northeastern extremity of Luzon Island, the largest island in the country.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Palaui Island lies off the northwestern part of a large promontory in San Vicente, in the municipality of Santa Ana, Cagayan province. It is 10 km at its longest and about 5 km at its widest and moderately high. The western shore of the island appears bold, but on the eastern side, a reef projects from its side for 2.4 km, the edge of it being 0.8 km from and extending around the small islet of Escucha, east of Palaui. The Dos Hermanos rocky islets lie off Cape Engaño, in the northern point of Palaui, and there are some rocks off the northeast point of the island, about 1.6 km eastward of the cape. Gran Laja island, a low rock islet surrounded by breakers, is one of the rocks located northeast off Palaui.</p><br>
<p>At the southwest end of Palaui Island is Puerto Point, a high, wooded bluff. East of the point and south of Palaui is Rona Island, a low, wooded island with a white base of sand and rocks. Escucha Island is a high and wooded islet east of Palaui, and beyond Rona Island when seen from southwestward through the channel between Palaui Island and the mainland, where a few more islets are located.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Palaui Island was declared as a National Marine Reserve in August 28, 1994 encompassing an area of 7,145 hectare. The waters around the island boast of 21 commercial species of fishes with about 50 hectare of undisturbed corals.</p><br>
<p>Because of its remoteness, Palaui Island is home to 105 species of rattan and similar commercially valuable timber producing wood species plus 25 imported shrubs and is the sanctuary for 90 migratory birds.</p><br>
<h2>Places to go</h2><br>
<p>The northern point of the island is called Cape Engaño where on the summit of the hill lie the ruins of Cape Engaño Lighthouse. Engaño Cove is a small cove southwest of the lighthouse where supplies for the station were previously landed. Today, small vessels can find good anchorage in this protected cove, except by northwesterly and westerly winds. A trail and a 229-step concrete stairway from the cove leads the travelers to the lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>The Port of San Vicente in Santa Ana, Cagayan, situated between Palaui Island and the coast of Luzon, is the jump-off point for crossing the channel to Punta Verde (Point Verde) on Palaui Island, or heading to Engaño Cove, a little further to the north. The hike from Punta Verde, the southeast tip of Palaui, to Cape Engaño takes about 3.5 to 4 hours of hike through beautiful verdant scenery. Primitive camping is allowed at the lighthouse vicinity.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 2013, it was used as the filming location for Survivor: Blood vs. Water and Survivor: Cagayan.</p><br>
<p>On May 2013, Palaui Island earned the 10th spot in the CNNs Worlds 100 Best Beaches list, with CNN praising its "raw beauty."</p><br>
<p>The Carlott Funseth Round Barn is a round barn in Kempton, North Dakota, United States, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. It&#39;s one of few round barns that was still in use as a barn  and has been continuously maintained as a barn.</p><br>
<p>It was designed and built by Sven Olson and Ole Olson. The previous barn was an octagonal structure, and Sven and Ole must have decided that the round(ish) barn layout worked so well for them that they built another round barn instead of going with a conventional rectangular barn. The barn was rebuilt in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The listing is just for the barn itself and a circle going out 10 feet all around.</p><br>
<p>The Funseth barn was one of 41 evaluated in a study of North Dakota round barns. The study led to the NRHP listing of 13 barns including:</p><br>
<p>Robert Abell Round Barn, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Cecil Baker Round Barn, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Urbain Cote Round Barn, NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Terina  was an ancient city of Magna Graecia on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Euphemia, about 20 km from Lamezia Terme in Calabria. The site of the city was allegedly found in 1922 by the archaeologist Paolo Orsi near the modern village of Sant&#39;Eufemia Vetere, but a systematic archaeological investigation was only started in 1997 and it is only based on coins found there. Coins, inscriptions and other artefacts retrieved from the site can be seen in the Museo Archeologico Lametino in Lamezia Terme. However, the actual collocation of the ancient city is in Nocera Terinese where the original location is situated on top of a hill called Piano di Tirena. This hill is surrounded by two rivers merging, Savuto and Grande, and it perfectly matches the description provided by the Greek historian Strabo in his major work Geographica, which was first published around 20 AD.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the fifth century BC the Greek cities Croton and Locri, both located on the Ionian Sea, vied for the control of ports on the Tyrrhenian Sea. These ports were important for conducting trade. Locri had founded the cities Medma and Hipponium there and had assumed control of Metauros. Temesa lay north of Hipponium and had close relations with Croton, which may have been its mother city. Temesa was valuable because of its copper mines and its trade with the north. Locri conquered Temesa at some time in the first half of the fifth century BC, probably in the 480s or 470s. Croton was disadvantaged by the loss and founded Terina at this time to compensate. Terina&#39;s foundation is dated to 480–470 BC. It started minting its own coins sometime after 480 BC, which indicates that it soon became independent from its mother city.</p><br>
<p>Terina became a prosperous city and protected the route from the Tyrrhenian Sea to Croton. Later in the second half of the fifth century BC Terina was attacked by Thurii, after that citys foundation in 444/3 BC. Thurii wanted to capture Terina because the city was closely connected with Croton, Thuriis enemy. The Spartan general Cleandridas who led the Thurian army planned a surprise attack, but this failed when his army was discovered. He retreated after ravaging the city&#39;s countryside.</p><br>
<p>When the Bruttians arose as a new ethnic group in Lucania in 356/5 BC their first target was Terina, which they besieged and plundered. When Alexander of Epirus arrived in Southern Italy in approximately 333 BC he took the city from the Bruttians. He did not possess it for long because he was defeated by a combined army of Bruttians and Lucanians at the Battle of Pandosia in 331 BC. At some later point Terina became a Roman possession. It was ultimately destroyed in the Second Punic War by Hannibal because he could not defend the city during his stay in Bruttium.</p><br>
<p>The city was rebuilt at some point because it is mentioned again by Pliny the Elder.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Railway North Avenue Yards, now repurposed as the NorthYards business park, is located just west of the railway line northwest from downtown Atlanta, south of the Marietta Street Artery neighborhood, rich in industrial history. The Yards represent a microcosm in changes in American railroads over the course of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Railway Company first established the complex, as early as 1911, as a turntable rail yard. The roundhouse (1925) was once used for assembling and servicing trains and, as offsite warehouses were introduced, it was later adapted for use as a warehouse. During the 1950s and 1960s additional warehouses were built surrounding and connected to the roundhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Roundhouse at Northyards Business Park was renovated and turned into a business park in 2002 by C.D. Moody Construction and won the 2002 Atlanta Urban Design Commission&#39;s Award of Excellence.</p><br>
<p>The Dipylon, or the Double Gate , is a landmark structure which spans Ny Carlsberg Vej in the Carlsberg area of Copenhagen, Denmark. Part of the now decommissioned Carlsberg Brewery site, it combines a double-arched gateway, from which it takes its name, with a clock tower.</p><br>
<p>The name which simply means "double gate" in Greek, refers to a gateway in the north-west of ancient Athens.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed by Vilhelm Dahlerup, the Dipylon structure was built in 1892, at a time when the Ny Carlsberg complex was still under redevelopment and far from finished.</p><br>
<p>The gateway of the lower part marked the Vesterbro-side entrance to the Ny Carlsberg complex, complementing the Elephant Gate to the west which afforded access to the brewery from the Valby side.</p><br>
<p>Above the gateway, the building originally contained two malting floors. Through two valves, one in each arch, malt mash could be poured into waiting wagons.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and artwork</h2><br>
<p>The Dipylon building is designed in the ornate Historicist style which is typical both of the Carlsberg area in general and especially of Vilhelm Dahlerup&#39;s work.</p><br>
<p>The arches have granite rustication. Above them there is a diagonal pattern in glazed and red tiles.</p><br>
<p>On the front (Vesterbro) side of the building, an integrated sign above the arches simply reads "Ny Carlsberg". Similarly placed on the rear (courtyard) side of the structure, there is a plate which is inscribed with a quotation from J.C. Jacobsen&#39;s will which was later adopted by Carl Jacobsen as a motto:</p><br>
<p>On the rear side of the gate building, a frieze consisting of nine tile paintings depicts various key figures in the construction and operation of brewery.</p><br>
<p>In the centre stands Carl Jacobsen, flanked by his wife, Ottilia, and his son Alf who was the chosen heir but died in 1890 shortly before the building was completed. The other figures are Carl’s closest collaborators in building the brewery, Vilhelm Dahlerup and master builder S. P. Beckmann, and, representing the brewery’s employees, Professor Christian Grønlund, office manager R. Hesberg, chief inspector V. Henningsen, and an ordinary brewery worker.</p><br>
<p>On the upper part of the building, there is a double-faced clock. Its roof-top bell is flanked by the Bell strikers, a group statue by Stephan Sinding.</p><br>
<p>Old Chapel, formerly known as the Old Chapel Library is a former library on the campus of the University of Massachusetts Amherst that is on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Chapel was originally constructed in Richardson Romanesque-style between 1884 and 1887 at a cost of $ (equivalent to $ in today&#39;s dollars), to serve as a library, museum, and assembly hall. The building was designed by Worcester architect Stephen C. Earle, and is a roughly square stone structure with a tower at its southeast corner. It is made primarily of granite, with sandstone trim and a slate roof. The tower features an open belfry with rounded arches, above which are gabled peaks with clock faces, and a diagonally set four-sided steeple at the top.</p><br>
<p>According to the school, John F. Kennedy supposedly spoke at the Chapel during his 1952 USA Senate campaign, although this has never been confirmed.</p><br>
<p>The chapel&#39;s original bell, "Old Aggie," was added in 1892, but has since been replaced by 44 carillon bells. Although the tower underwent a $1.65 million renovation in 1999, Old Chapel has been uninhabited since 1996, when the University of Massachusetts Minuteman Marching Band moved out due to unsafe conditions within the structure. Since then, a movement amongst alumni was created to further renovate the interior of the building so that the structure could be used again.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of Old Chapel began in 2015 after a 2013 campaign by Chancellor Kumble R. Subbaswamy to restore and repurpose the interior of the structure. This included a nomination by Preserve UMass to place the structure on the National Register of Historic Places, which occurred on May 11, 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Hodgen&#39;s Cemetery Mound is a Native American mound in the far eastern part of the USA state of Ohio. Located in the village of Tiltonsville along the Ohio River shoreline of Jefferson County,</p><br>
<p>During the nineteenth century, white residents of the village of Tiltonsville founded a cemetery around a small hill on the northern side of their village. A round, cone-shaped knoll with a tree growing from its top, the hill is surrounded by gravestones as old as the 1870s. At some point since that time, erosion of the hillside revealed human bones, including a skull with evidence of artificial cranial deformation. This practice was common among the prehistoric Adena culture; consequently, the bones allowed archaeologists to determine that the hill was a burial mound built by the Adena,</p><br>
<p>Although the Hodgens Cemetery Mound has never been excavated, it is a significant archaeological site — disproportionately large numbers of Adena burials with cranial deformation were societal élites who were typically buried with significant grave goods, and the intact state of the mound means that its original contents are likely to remain in their place. The mound has been disturbed by the digging of modern graves into its southwestern side, but the graves have not deformed the mounds general conical shape significantly.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, the Hodgen&#39;s Cemetery Mound was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, qualifying because of its archaeological value in the local area. It is one of two Jefferson County archaeological sites on the Register, along with the Speedway Mound in nearby Rayland.</p><br>
<p>Clevens Loch was a substantial freshwater loch situated in a low-lying area below Clevance Farm and Langholm Farm in Dundonald parish, South Ayrshire, Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch was a natural feature, a post-glacial Kettle Hole once of a substantial extent, fed mainly by the Rumbling Burn, rainfall, field drainage, and natural springs. It is recorded in the placename of Langholm and clevance. The etymology of the name may derive from the Scots for spear-shaped hill referring to the shape of the glen and hills surrounding it. The Rumbling Burn has been diverted away from the site. The loch site still floods in winter. An outflow runs down to the Cross Burn. Langholm Farm&#39;s name translates from Scots as a long stretch of low-lying land beside water; it is not recorded on maps until after the loch was drained.</p><br>
<p>The lands, variously known as Kleffans in 1654, Clevens in 1747, Clivens in 1828, Cleavance in 1865 and Clevance in 1890.</p><br>
<h3>Drainage</h3><br>
<p>The loch&#39;s drainage may have begun in the early 18th century when Alexander Montgomerie, 10th Earl of Eglinton, was pursuing a number of agricultural improvements on his extensive estates and other landowners followed his example. Further drainage work may have taken place in the 1740s as part of the improvements undertaken to provide employment for Irish estate workers during the Irish potato famines of the 1740s and the mid 19th centuries. Many drainage schemes also date to the end of World War I when many soldiers returned en masse to civilian life.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>No watermills seem to have been directly associated with Clevens Loch and the Ordnance Survey maps of the mid 19th century only show the farm of Clevens or Clevance sitting above the old lochs site. Thomsons map of 1832 shows a Scullochmill near the Crossburn at the Clevance Farm roadend, however a straight lade runs directly to it from the hills above.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, shows the loch as a significant body of water, with an outflow only.</p><br>
<p>Ainslies map of 1821 is the last map to show Clevens Loch and this indicates that its drainage took place in the early 19th century. The outflow was via the Fullarton estate and into the sea at Newburn. Roys map of 1747 shows a Cleavans Loch.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>Corraith House stands in an elevated position to the south of the old lochshore, recorded as Korreth in 1654 and Corries in 1747. Above the loch on Wardlaw Hill are the remains of a citadel fort or minor oppida, occupying the total summit plateau area., at about 145m OD, comprises an inner fort or settlement on the highest point of the plateau; it has a collapsed stone-built rampart and an entrance may have been positioned on the northern side. A ruined wall of a later date runs along the top of the rampart around the western half of the old fort. The older OS maps indicate that a flow of spring water once ran down to the Slough Burn from the site of what became the Ayrshire County Council water tank built in 1932.</p><br>
<p>Adamson in his Rambles Round Kilmarnock of 1875 records that on making his way from Symington along the lane that ran near to the old loch he drank from an open well neatly built in, and bears the date 1821.</p><br>
<p>The Monastery of the Virgins is a structure uncovered during Benjamin Mazars excavations south of Jerusalems Temple Mount. The large number of Christian religious finds from the site have prompted its identification with a monastery described by a pilgrim, Theodosius the archdeacon, in his De Situ Terrae Sanctae, a work of the early 6th century. The building was constructed in the 4th century on the remains of an earlier Herodian building identified with the Second Temple courthouse, and was destroyed during the Persian sack of Jerusalem in 614.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The building identified as the Monastery of the Virgins was unearthed in Area XV of Mazars excavations of the Ophel on behalf of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Carried out between 1968 and 1977, the excavations revealed that a crowded residential neighbourhood stood in the area to the immediate south of the Temple Mount enclosure during Jerusalems Byzantine Period. 10 m from the Triple Huldah Gate, at the foot of the Temple Mounts southern wall, the excavators revealed a structure whose plan resembled a typical Byzantine courtyard house, with wings arranged around a central courtyard. Built on top in the remains of a large Second Temple Period building and an older burial cave, the house featured three stories of which the basement and ground floor were well preserved. The excavation of the building yielded earlier Iron Age II shards, including a LMLK seal and the head of a fertility figurine. However, as a result of the buildings excellent state of preservation digging beneath its floors was abandoned in order to allow its display to the public.</p><br>
<p>Measuring 17.9 m by 17.3 m, the structure was built in the early 4th century as a single spacious unit. Its ground floor included the courtyard, a kitchen, shops and staircases leading to the basement and the floor above, which housed a chapel. In the mid-6th century the northern and southern wings of its ground floor were modified and sealed off from the rest of the building.</p><br>
<p>A destruction layer testifies to the destruction of the building in a great conflagration, probably during the Persian sack of the city in 614. In the destruction layer were found the remnants of the upper floor, which collapsed into the floor below. The remains of weapons, probably the defenders&#39;, were also found at the site. These include a sword, a scabbard, a pickaxe, a dagger and an umbo, a rare feature of the Byzantine weapons repertoire.</p><br>
<p>While adjacent areas were built over during the subsequent Islamic periods, the building in area XV was left undisturbed. This allowed for its excellent state of preservation. It is currently accessible to visitors to the Jerusalem Archaeological Park at the foot of the Al-Aqsa Mosque.</p><br>
<h3>Finds</h3><br>
<p>Multiple items of ecclesiastical nature were found in the structure. These include fragments of marble chancel screens, an altar table and a Second-Temple era stone ossuary in use as a reliquary and containing a skull. Crosses were ubiquitous, including on roof tiles, oil lamps, door knockers, and several bronze crosses, one of which was 65 cm in length. Several fragments of a chancel screen depict two deer, Christian symbols of faith and devotion mentioned in, facing a cross planted on the Hill of Golgotha. A stone lintel was found depicting a cross enclosed within a wreath.</p><br>
<p>Additional finds include copper alloy chains and incense bowls, copper alloy lock and clasps decorated with the image of an arched entrance to a church, a sinuous dragon-headed arm from a multi-armed copper candelabra, and a copper hearth with decorative animal legs complete with rings for suspension.</p><br>
<p>In the northern section of the building which included the kitchen and several storage rooms, were found multiple storage jars. In some of these were found remnants of the food they once contained, including lentil and chickpea.</p><br>
<h2>Identification</h2><br>
<h3>Monastery of the Virgins</h3><br>
<p>The large number of Christian items found in the structure have led to its identification with a monastery described by Theodosius the archdeacon in his De Situ Terrae Sanctae (On the Topography of the Holy Land). Theodosius describes a monastery of nuns at the foot of the Temple Mount&#39;s southeastern corner:</p><br>
<p>The excavators believe that the monastery had initially occupied the entire structure. In the 5th century, however, Jerusalem was granted patriarchal status and the following century saw the city develop and expand. As population density in Jerusalem grew, the needs of numerous pilgrims to the holy city led to a reduction in the Monastery&#39;s area in favour of public facilities. In the mid 6th century, two wings were detached from the monastery and sealed off, the northern wing to act as a public kitchen and the southern converted into a row of shops. Food for the monastery was prepared in the public kitchen and delivered through two windows left open between the two sections of the building.</p><br>
<p>Adjacent buildings have aided the identification of the building as a monastery. 6 ft from the Temple Mount wall, behind the monastery, stood a vaulted chamber with a sloping floor. This has been identified as a collection vat for wine, above which once stood a winery, a common feature of Byzantine monasteries. A two story structure to the east of the Monastery may have served as a hospice. Thirty well-preserved rooms were found on its ground floor, as was a red cross painted on a lintel in the building, and large watering pool on the outside.</p><br>
<p>While the building certainly was a monastery, certain finds nevertheless cast doubt on its identification with Theodosius Monastery of the Virgins. Theodosiuss description dates from the early 6th century, while the structural modifications isolating the central portion have only been dated to the mid 6th century, and possibly later. Furthermore, Greek inscriptions found in the building feature no women, only men, including one reading "for the offering and salvation of the Timotheus the priest".</p><br>
<p>The identification of the site with Theodosius monastery was first proposed by Yizhar Hirschfeld. Yoram Tsafrir has suggested that the monastery may have been located on the slopes below of the Temple Mount which have not yet been excavated or even in the hollows of the Temple Mount itself, within Solomons Stables. No evidence has been found to corroborate either suggestions.</p><br>
<h3>Second Temple Courthouse</h3><br>
<p>Underneath the coarse stones of the Byzantine walls, the walls of the monastery were built of large finely dressed stones, plastered and molded at the joints, a feature of Herodian construction. The monastery had been built over the remains of a large Second-Temple-era building which had stood adjacent to a major entrance to the Herodian Temple Mount. Benjamin Mazar had suggested that this may have been a courthouse of the Sanhedrin, the supreme Jewish judicial and legislative body, a building referred to in the Mishnah, Tractate Sanhedrin 11.2. Additional support for this identification comes from a fragment of a Hebrew inscription found nearby. The inscription contained the word kenim (elders), probably referring to the Sanhedrin.</p><br>
<h2>Publication</h2><br>
<p>Although completed in 1977, the results of the Temple Mount excavations had not been published by Benjamin Mazars death in 1995. In 1996 the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University authorized his granddaughter, Eilat Mazar, to publish the finds. Eilat Mazar had been her grandfathers research assistant, an area supervisor in the nearby City of David excavations, and had directed her own excavation in the Ophel in 1986-1987. The excavation report for area XV and the Monastery of the Virgins was finally published in 2003.</p><br>
<p>Henry Wadsworth Longfellow is a bronze statue, by William Couper, and Thomas Ball. The statue depicts American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It is located at the intersection of M Street and Connecticut Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. and was dedicated on May 7, 1909.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1882, there were several plans to memorialize him. His bust was placed at Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey in 1884 and a statue of the poet by Franklin Simmons was unveiled in his native town of Portland, Maine at what became known as Longfellow Square. For the statue in Washington, an association was founded to raise money for the effort, ultimately earning $21,000 by subscribers. Additionally, Congress offered another $4,000 and the site. Members of the organization included Andrew Carnegie, Henry Cabot Lodge, Charles William Eliot, Edward Everett Hale, Julia Ward Howe, and Curtis Guild. Theodore Roosevelt served as Honorary Regent. It was unveiled in 1909 by the poets granddaughter Erica Thorp in the presence of Chief Justice Melville Fuller and the United States Marine Band.</p><br>
<p>The John M. Winstead Houses, also known as Pleasant Hill, are three antebellum houses in Brentwood, Tennessee that were together listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>A 1988 study of Williamson County historic resources lists two buildings, each named John Winstead House, that are designated as county historic resources WM-107 and WM-108.</p><br>
<p>The house designated WM-108 comprises two log structures. The first was built as a single log pen home around 1800 by John Winstead, Sr., who was one of the first white settlers in the Williamson County area, having arrived in 1799. Around 1820, by which time Winstead had extensive land holdings and owned 10 slaves, he built a second single pen log cabin, oriented diagonally to the first cabin. Winstead, Sr., died in 1822, and his family continued to live on the property. Around 1870 the two cabins were connected by a framed-in structure. Similar construction is found in the Lamb-Stephens House and the Abram Glenn House.</p><br>
<p>The house designated WM-107, now known as Pleasant Hill Mansion, was built near the cabins by John M. Winstead, Jr., who by then owned about 450 acre of farmland. It is a two-story brick central passage I-frame home that was started in 1855 and took three years to complete. It has a central-bay entrance with Greek Revival detailing, including a two-story portico with square columns topped by capitals with Doric motifs. John Winstead, Jr., lived in this home until his death in 1896, after which ownership of the home passed to a related family named Edmondson. The house is now used as the clubhouse of the Governors Club golf course. It is similar in design to the James J. Sayers House (deemed National Register-eligible but not listed due to owner objection), and the National Register-listed John Seward House, Newton Jordan House, and Thomas Holt House.</p><br>
<p>When listed on the National Register, the property included three contributing buildings and three other contributing structures on an area of 10.5 acre.</p><br>
<p>The Burnet County Courthouse is an historic courthouse located in Burnet, Burnet County, Texas, United States. The Moderne style building was constructed in part with Works Progress Administration funds and is the third building to serve as the Burnet County Courthouse. Lewis Milton Wirtz of Columbus designed the structure. It was completed August 1, 1937 at a cost of approximately $135,000.</p><br>
<p>The first Burnet County Courthouse was a one-story frame building containing a courtroom, a jail and offices. In 1874, the courthouse, located on the southwestern corner of the present courthouse square, burned down. The second courthouse was constructed of limestone in 1875 and also housed a jail. When the 1875 courthouse fell into disrepair, the county decided to build a new courthouse.</p><br>
<p>The current Burnet County Courthouse is two-story and finished in polished pink granite veneer with scenes of Burnet County history and commerce etched in panels. The pink granite is the same material that was used on the Texas State Capitol.</p><br>
<p>An addition designed by Willis Environmental Engineering of Marble Falls was constructed on the rear of the courthouse in 1974. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 15, 2000.</p><br>
<p>The Smith Family Farm was the boyhood home of Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement.</p><br>
<p>The farm—located in the townships of Palmyra, Wayne County and Manchester, Ontario County, New York—includes the Sacred Grove, the Smiths&#39; restored frame home, and a reconstructed log home. The farm site passed into ownership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in 1916, and in the 1990s, the church restored the frame home, reconstructed the log home, and built a welcome center. Church missionaries provide free tours.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Smith, Sr., his wife Lucy Mack Smith, and some of their children moved from Norwich, Vermont, to Palmyra, New York, in 1816. In 1818 or 1819, the family built a log home near property owned by the estate of Nicholas Evertson of New York City, but did not enter a purchase agreement for the land until a land agent had been appointed in 1820. Smith, Sr. agreed to pay the Evertson estate between $600 and 700 for the 100 acre farm. In 1825, the family moved into a larger and more comfortable frame home that they had built on the property but were unable to make payments on the land. A carpenter who had completed the house sued the Smiths for his costs in February 1825. A new agent for the Evertson estate also foreclosed on them, although a sympathetic Quaker, Lemuel Durfee, purchased the farm and permitted the family to rent the frame house until they returned to the log home in the spring of 1829. The Smiths left the area in 1830.</p><br>
<p>The farm was purchased by the LDS Church in 1907 and passed into its care in 1916. The instigator of the purchase was LDS Church president Joseph F. Smith, who "successfully reframed the L.D.S. church&#39;s sense of its past, shaping its history onto the American terrain and directing his people’s attention beyond the Rocky Mountains to where he believed their future lay." The grove of trees on the site where Joseph Smith was assumed to have had his First Vision became a pilgrimage site, and centennial celebrations were held there in 1920.</p><br>
<p>The Bluff is the highest part of the Cayman Islands, a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean Sea. It stands at the eastern end of the island of Cayman Brac and has a maximum elevation of 43 m.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bluff is a low plateau of karstic limestone, gently rising towards the eastern end of the island. Much of it supports a diverse dry forest dominated by Cedrela odorata, Sideroxylon salicifolium, Exothea paniculata, Chionanthus caymanensis and Bursera simaruba. The forest has a long history of logging and is a mosaic of old growth and second growth trees. Some 473 ha has been identified by BirdLife International as the Bluff Forest Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant populations of white-crowned pigeons, Cuban amazons, Caribbean elaenias, thick-billed vireos and vitelline warblers. The IBA encompasses the 82 ha National Trust’s Brac Parrot Reserve which protects mature and standing dead trees as nesting habitat for the Cuban amazon parrots.</p><br>
<p>Winstead House is a historic Italianate house in Franklin, Tennessee built c.1870 that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 together with 3.7 acre of land. It is also a contributing property in the Franklin Historic District.</p><br>
<p>It was built by William O&#39;Neal Perkins on the foundation of a former house, the McNutt House, which burned c.1865. Perkins used brick and stone materials from a building on the court square, Public Office, which he had bought and demolished. It is a two-story, five bay house. Its foundation, water table, and quoins are stone; the brick walls are laid in American common bond. It has a massive ornate cornice supported by heavy paired brackets.</p><br>
<p>It was owned by Asa Hickman Jewell, II and his wife, Margaret Loring Jewell.</p><br>
<p>It is now the administration building for the O&#39;More College of Design.</p><br>
<p>Fewkes Group Archaeological Site , also known as the Boiling Springs Site, is a prehistoric Native American archaeological site located in the city of Brentwood, in Williamson County, Tennessee. It is in Primm Historic Park on the grounds of Boiling Spring Academy, a historic schoolhouse established in 1830. The 15-acre site consists of the remains of a late Mississippian culture mound complex and village roughly dating to 1050-1475 AD. The site, which sits on the western bank of the Little Harpeth River, has five mounds, some used for burial and others, including the largest, were ceremonial platform mounds. The village was abandoned for unknown reasons around 1450. The site is named in honor of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, the Chief of the Bureau of American Ethnology in 1920, who had visited the site and recognized its potential.</p><br>
<p>While it was partially excavated by the landowner in 1895, archaeologist William E. Myer directed a second, more thorough excavation in October 1920. Many of the artifacts recovered from the site are now housed at the Smithsonian Institution. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 21, 1980, as NRIS number 80003880.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>Two different groups of people lived at the Fewkes Site. The first group, who built the mounds and left the majority of artifacts, buried their dead with their bodies tightly flexed in hexagonal and circular stone box graves. This was probably achieved by tightly binding the body after death, because the bones appear to be in their proper places. These people appear to have lived in circular houses. This occupation dates to the Mississippian period, between 1000 – 1450. A second group moved into the area toward the end of the period. This group buried its dead with the bodies fully extended, on their backs, in rectangular stone box graves. Archaeological research done within the Middle Cumberland River Valley marks a virtual abandonment of the area around 1450. It is unknown what caused this, but the large amount of broken pottery on the floors of their homes may indicate that they were forced to leave in a hurry. This abandonment of the region is part of a larger pattern seen in parts of the Ohio, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland River valleys known as the “Vacant Quarter” hypothesis. As of 2010, officials at the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Division of Archaeology, have been unable to identify modern tribal descendants of the inhabitants of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Site description</h2><br>
<p>There are five mounds at the Fewkes site. Four of them are located opposite of each other on each side of a level town plaza, and the fifth (smallest) mound is situated on the riverbank directly to the north of mound No. 1, outside the town center. (Looking at the site today, the Boiling Spring Schoolhouse now sits between mound No.1 and mound No. 5). Mound No. 1 is the largest at the site, being 25 ft in height. Remnants of about a dozen house circles were found scattered around the outer edges of the group of mounds, mostly between mounds No.1 and No. 5. The most important houses adjoined mound No. 1 on the northeast side. These are represented on the 1920 map by circles. Traces of a stone box cemetery were also found on the property, not far from the mound complex.</p><br>
<h3>Mound No. 1</h3><br>
<p>Mound No. 1 is the largest mound at the complex and is located on the northern side of the town square. The platform mound is 25 ft and measures 185 ft by 160 ft across. It was left unexcavated in 1920 because of a lack of funding, although archaeologist William Myer believed its use to be ceremonial, and possibly the location of a chief’s residence.</p><br>
<h3>Mound No. 2</h3><br>
<p>Mound No. 2 is located on the western side of the plaza. It is 235 ft across from north to south, and 160 ft across east to west. At the time of excavation it reached 7.5 ft high. Less than one-fifth of the area of the mound was excavated; because of this, it is impossible to know the number of structures constructed upon it. The mound was raised in four stages. The first level, at the base of the mound, was the original ground surface of the soil. In this layer, archaeologists discovered a fire bed filled with ashes and broken animal bones, indicating that a structure had existed there before the mound was built over top of it. After the house was torn down, the 3 ft high mound was constructed in its place. On the second level there is evidence that at least one building, and probably more, were constructed. The floor of this structure was packed down and layered with stone slabs, much like pavement. A small pile of maize and maize meal were also found. In the southwestern segment of the mound were found the ruins of a structure, named by Myer the “Sacred Image House” because among the items found were the remains of a sacred idol, a shrine, and traces of fire ceremonies. After the buildings were torn down the mound was raised a few more inches for the third construction level. Many items were found on this level, such as a metate and muller, arrowheads, shell tempered pottery, multiple fire beds, and objects made from deer bones. However, the most important was a structure dubbed the “House of Mysteries”. The builbing was an important civic structure, probably used for sacred rites and town gatherings, and had two rooms. Myers described the floor as being made of “black, glossy earth”. The walls and roof of the building were built using the cane matting technique and an arched roof. The woven cane matting was then covered inside and outside with a coating of clay plaster known as wattle and daub. Inside the building was an altar, complete with an oval altar bowl. The bowl, filled with white, powdery ashes, was made of fired red clay. The fire was allowed to burn without being put out. The structure was eventually destroyed by fire. Mound No. 2 was in constant cultivation for at least 85 years, and as a result, only limited structural evidence exists for the final stage. However, numerous postholes indicate that there was a building constructed atop the mound during this phase. It is also important to note that a few burials from the later group of rectangular stone grave people were found close to the surface of Mound No. 2. These were discovered in 1895, when the farmer who owned the land plowed over them and decided to take a closer look.</p><br>
<h3>Mound No. 3</h3><br>
<p>Mound No. 3 is a burial mound of the first inhabitants of the Fewkes group. It is a low oval mound on the southwestern corner of the plaza. The mound is about 3 ft high and 100 ft by 110 ft across, but slopes very gradually into the soil, so it is impossible to determine its exact boundaries. Originally, it probably held 10-15 graves, but unfortunately all except two have been destroyed by looters and plowing. These two graves were very different from the usual method of burial during the Mississippian period in the Middle Tennessee region. Typically, the deceased were buried on their backs with their legs fully extended, as in a modern-day burial. The remains found in the two graves from this mound had been buried on their backs with their bodies tightly flexed. Their stone-slab graves were octagonal, hexagonal, or nearly round. When the first grave was opened, the slabs on top were missing and the bones had been slightly disturbed, probably by looters. It was octagonal and made from limestone slabs. Grave goods found with the deceased included five large shell beads and a clay pot. The second grave was similar in size to the first, but it was hexagonal. As with the first grave, it had been disturbed by looters and the body was slightly repositioned. The grave goods found with the second set of remains included a small effigy burial vase (somehow overlooked by the looters) and a mussel shell, which was most likely a spoon.</p><br>
<h3>Mound No. 4</h3><br>
<p>Mound No. 4 is located on the east side of the plaza. It is low and oblong, about 4 ft high, and 200 ft by 180 ft across. No evidence of fire pits, pottery, or graves were discovered in this mound. William Myer believed it to be a natural knoll in the field, given its shape by the removal of soil used for the construction of Mound No. 1. Erosion and years of cultivation have destroyed any evidence of possible of associated structures atop the mound.</p><br>
<h3>Mound No. 5</h3><br>
<p>Mound No. 5 is a small oval mound 32 ft across and 3.5 ft high. It is located about 300 ft north of Boiling Spring Academy overlooking the bank of the Little Harpeth River. There was no evidence of buildings or burials in this mound, although broken animal bones and pottery fragments were found scattered throughout the soil. Traces of a fire pit and two bone tools were also found.</p><br>
<h3>Structures</h3><br>
<p>Many saucer-like depressions were discovered around the north side of Mound No. 1 and in an adjoining field that are thought to be the remains of domestic structures. There is also a large number of these depressions to the west of Mound No. 2 and Mound No. 3. These buildings appear to have been made similarly to the ceremonial buildings found on top of the mounds, with cane matting and plastered walls. Objects found in and around these depressions include bear teeth, arrowheads, broken animal bones, traces of plastered walls, stone disks, and a store of yellow ochre that was most likely used as body paint.</p><br>
<p>Upon excavation, one circular depression was found to be a nearly smooth, level, hard-packed floor. In the center of this structure was an upright, stone-slab fire basin, one side of which had been cut out; this was to allow room for the upright stone slab of a child’s grave. The child, thought to be about 12 years old, was found buried against the slab, with its head resting within the edges of the bowl. Ashes remained in the bowl and also along the back and top of the child’s head, although the bones do not appear to have been burned at all. Graves of two other children, whose stone box graves were also found in and below the floor.</p><br>
<h3>Other burials</h3><br>
<p>Two burials were found about 100 ft southeast of Mound No. 3. The first was a woman whose body was loosely flexed on her right side. There were no grave goods found. The second burial, located on the woman’s right, was simply a pile of bones. There were no grave goods or stone box coffin found in the burial. It is not known if this person had a connection with the deceased woman. Other burials were discovered scattered around the site, from the later group of people who inhabited the area. Grave goods for these burials included conch shells, pottery, spearheads, playing dice crafted from deer bones, and a black stone female statuette.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations in 1998</h2><br>
<p>The remains of at least 21 individuals, along with their funerary objects, were removed from the Fewkes group site during a road construction project by the Tennessee Department of Transportation in 1998. Grave goods removed included ceramic ear plugs, effigy jars, projectile points, a drilled dog tooth and a bone awl. As of April 23, 2010, efforts are being made to reinter the culturally unidentifiable remains from the Fewkes site.</p><br>
<p>The Braeburn Range is a mountain range in the Tasman Region of New Zealand&#39;s South Island. It lies to the west of Lake Rotoroa and much of the eastern flank of the range is within the Nelson Lakes National Park. The range runs south-southeast, with a westwards curve at the northern end and several westward-trending spurs.</p><br>
<p>The northernmost and highest peak of the range is the 1,469 m Mount Murchison overlooking the Buller River. The southern endpoint of the range is Mount Hutton (1,400 m) above the Tiraumea Saddle. The higher Ella Range lies to the south. Other peaks include Mount Pickering (1,249 m), Mount Cotton (1,256 m), Mount Baring (1,127 m), and Twins (1,152 m). The bush line is around 1,350 m in this area, so only the two highest peaks are not covered in bush. There is a radio and television transmission mast on top of Mount Murchison.</p><br>
<p>The area above the bush line on Mount Murchison is one of three isolated habitats for an as-yet unnamed species of large alpine carnivorous land snail, currently known as Powelliphanta "Nelson Lakes". Living beneath tussocks and mountain flax, these snails have survived summer grazing by sheep and cattle in the past. Pigs are still considered a threat. A more widespread variety, Powelliphanta "Matakitaki" is found in bush above 1200 metres south of Mount Murchison.</p><br>
<p>The area is popular for hunting, with red deer, pigs, chamois and goats to be found. The range is crossed by one track navigable by four-wheel-drive vehicles, the Braeburn Track, which connects the outlet of Lake Rotoroa with the upper Mangles River valley via a saddle at 650 m. The Tiraumea tramping track crosses the saddle at the southern end of the range, following the Tiraumea River.</p><br>
<p>The historical buildings and structures of Grand Teton National Park include a variety of buildings and built remains that pre-date the establishment of Grand Teton National Park, together with facilities built by the National Park Service to serve park visitors. Many of these places and structures have been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. The pre-Park Service structures include homestead cabins from the earliest settlement of Jackson Hole, working ranches that once covered the valley floor, and dude ranches or guest ranches that catered to the tourist trade that grew up in the 1920s and 1930s, before the park was expanded to encompass nearly all of Jackson Hole. Many of these were incorporated into the park to serve as Park Service personnel housing, or were razed to restore the landscape to a natural appearance. Others continued to function as inholdings under a life estate in which their former owners could continue to use and occupy the property until their death. Other buildings, built in the mountains after the initial establishment of the park in 1929, or in the valley after the park was expanded in 1950, were built by the Park Service to serve park visitors, frequently employing the National Park Service Rustic style of design.</p><br>
<h2>Homesteads</h2><br>
<p>The earliest remaining built object in Grand Teton National Park is a diversion ditch, now known as Mining Ditch, which carried water in the vicinity of Schwabacher&#39;s Landing for prospecting activities. Dug around 1871-72, the ditch lent its name to nearby Ditch Creek. The prospectors left no other trace in Jackson Hole.</p><br>
<p>The valleys first permanent settlers did not arrive until 1884, when John Holland and John Carnes claimed a homestead to the north of Jackson, of which no trace remains. The Cunningham Cabin is the earliest remaining relic of settlement in the northern portion of Jackson Hole. William D. Menor established Menors Ferry across the Snake River in 1892, homesteading the lands on the western bank of the river, and operating the ferry until a bridge was built in 1927.</p><br>
<p>The Luther Taylor Cabins near Kelly were built beginning in 1916. The cabins were featured in the 1953 Western movie Shane.</p><br>
<p>The Manges Cabin was built by James Manges, the second homesteader after Bill Menor to settle on the west side of the Snake. Manges&#39; operation grew to become a working ranch, later the Elbo Dude Ranch, which featured a racetrack and rodeo grounds. The perceived blight of the Elbo development, so close to the mountains, led Struthers Burt and other local citizens to consider strategies for land preservation in the valley in the 1920s. The Elbo was acquired by the Park Service in 1956, and after some time as employee lodging, was gradually demolished to allow the site to return to its natural state. The Manges Cabin is the only remnant.</p><br>
<p>Homestead buildings were crude, using hewn timber harvested locally and resting on minimal foundations, excavation being difficult in the valley&#39;s stony soil. Log construction was employed almost universally, given the absence of local sawmills. This rustic local construction practice was to make a return as the economic focus of the valley shifted from agricultural development to tourism.</p><br>
<h2>Working ranches</h2><br>
<p>With the advent of large-scale ranches worked by extended families with staffs of cowboys, wranglers and hired help, Jackson Hole saw the construction of planned complexes of buildings, as opposed to ad hoc assemblages of sheds and cabins. The new structures used milled lumber and typical western carpentry details in keeping with Wyoming construction practices. The working ranches moved away from rustic design, reflecting a maturing social order in the newly populated valley, which by 1909 had three sawmills to provide sawn lumber.</p><br>
<p>One of the earliest ranchers was Josiah David Ferrin, also known as "Uncle Si," who became a successful cattle rancher selling beef to crews building Jackson Lake Dam. The Elk Ranch at its height had 2000 cattle on 400 acre near Moran. Ferrin sold the property to the Snake River Land Company in 1928.</p><br>
<p>In the first decade of the 20th century, Mormon settlers established a farming community in the Antelope Flats area of Jackson Hole. Becoming known as Mormon Row, the settlement extends as a line of farms, or "line village," along the former Jackson-Moran Road, with irrigated farmsteads running perpendicular to the road. The six homestead complexes once covered the area between the Gros Ventre River and Blacktail Butte. Individual farms included the Andy Chambers, John Moulton and T.A. Moulton homesteads. The Andy Chambers Ranch is the most complete of the surviving ranches.</p><br>
<p>The Hunter Hereford Ranch was a 1909 homestead on the eastern side of Jackson Hole that became a hobby ranch for William and Eileen Hunter in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Joe Pfeifer, a former miner from Butte, Montana, established a homestead near Mormon Row in November 1910. The homestead&#39;s well-preserved remains were burned in a 1994 brush fire, but were documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1979 and 1992.</p><br>
<p>Geraldine Lucas arrived in Jackson Hole following her 1912 retirement from teaching in New York at the age of 47. She built a cabin in 1912, eventually amassing several hundred acres of lands and becoming a significant opponent of the Rockefeller-backed Snake River Land Company. However, following Lucas&#39; death, the Lucas property was acquired in 1944 by the Snake River Land Company and was used as the residence for its general manager, whose life estate ran until 1975, after which it was turned over to the Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Dude ranches and guest ranches</h2><br>
<h3>Dude ranches</h3><br>
<p>The first dude ranch in Jackson Hole was the JY Ranch, which was converted from a working ranch. It became the property of the Rockefeller family when the Rockefellers started acquiring land in Jackson Hole, remaining an inholding as the family gradually donated portions to the Park Service. The final portion of the JY became the Laurance S. Rockefeller Preserve in Grand Teton National Park in 2008. The Bar B C Dude Ranch was the first dude ranch in Jackson Hole to be conceived as a dude ranch from its inception. Established in 1912, it strongly influenced later dude ranch development and had a significant role in the development of tourism in Jackson Hole. The Bar BC owed much of its success to its co-owner, author Struthers Burt, who had started the JY and who published Diary of a Dude Wrangler in the Saturday Evening Post in 1924. The White Grass Dude Ranch was established in 1913, when George Tucker Bispham, a former Bar B C employee, and Harold Hammond consolidated their adjoining working ranches right at the foot of the Tetons. The White Grass inholding operated as a dude ranch until 1985, when its life estate expired, the longest-active dude ranch in the valley. After a period of abandonment and deterioration, the White Grass was rehabilitated as the Western Center for Historic Preservation in a joint venture between the National Trust for Historic Preservation and the National Park Service. The Double Diamond Dude Ranch was started in 1924 by Joseph Clark and Fran William, initially catering primarily to boys from Eastern families. While most of its buildings were destroyed by a wildfire in 1985, the ranch&#39;s 1945 dining hall survives. The area is now known as the Climbers Ranch, used as a base camp for mountain climbers.</p><br>
<p>The Flying V Ranch was established in 1921 as a dude ranch, but was sold in 1935 to Gustav Koven and Paul Petzoldt, who intended to operate the ranch as a climbing school. After changing the name to the Ramshorn Dude Ranch, the partnership fell apart. After acquisition by the Park Service in 1956 the Ramshorn was operated as a concession under the Elbo Ranch name, which had been displaced from its previous location at the foot of the mountains when the original Elbo-Manges ranch was purchased and used for Park Service personnel housing. The Ramshorn now houses the Teton Science School. Another 1920s establishment was Leeks Lodge on upper Jackson Lake, close to the AMK, which continued to operate as a concession associated with the Signal Mountain Lodge into the 1970s. Although the Park Service had removed most of the buildings, the main lodge stood until 1998, when it was destroyed by fire, leaving only the lodges chimney standing. The original Jackson Lake Lodge was established nearby by Eugene Amoretti, and featured the first hot and cold running water in the valley. It was replaced by the present Jackson Lake Lodge in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The Triangle X Ranch was established in 1926 on the east side of Jackson Hole and is the last dude ranch operating in the park. The Turner family was from Utah, and after failing to grow potatoes, took to guiding hunting trips. The Triangle X operated both as outfitters and as dude ranchers.</p><br>
<p>The STS Dude Ranch was established by Buster and Frances Ester on the west bank of the Snake River a little south of Menor&#39;s Ferry in 1921. The unprofitable operation was purchased by conservationists Olaus Murie, his wife Margaret (Mardie) Murie and scientist Adolph Murie and his wife Louise. Adolph and Louise lived in the original ranch complex, while Olaus and Mardie lived in a house they built nearby on the property. The Murie Ranch hosted some of the first meetings of The Wilderness Society in the 1950s. The Murie Ranch was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2006, and is operated as the Murie Center conference facility by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h3>Vacation houses</h3><br>
<p>Other ranches took the form of rustic family retreats, rather than as guest ranches. The 4 Lazy F Dude Ranch was started as a working ranch in 1914 by Philadelphian Bryant Mears, who called it the Sun Star. The Mears family sold it to William Frew, a dude from Pittsburgh, who renamed it the 4 Lazy F for the "four lazy Frews." The Frews operated the ranch as both a family retreat and as a dude ranch for a few selected guests. It remains in the Frew family as a life estate inholding. The AMK Ranch, established in the 1920s on the east side of Jackson Lake, was a personal retreat for William Johnson of The Hoover Company. Alfred Berolzheimer of the Eagle (later Berol) pencil company bought the ranch in 1936, greatly expanding it in a high-rustic style. The Brinkerhoff, on the shore of Jackson Lake near Signal Mountain, was a pure vacation lodge, built in 1946 by oil executive Zach Brinkerhoff and furnished with Thomas C. Molesworth furniture. The Sky Ranch at the outlet of Death Canyon was established in 1953 as a summer retreat for the Balderston family, close to the White Grass ranch. William Balderston had been a surveyor and photographer for the Jackson Lake Dam project in 1914, going on to eventually become the president of the Philco Corporation. The Balderston family were regular guests at the White Grass, and friends of the Muries. They bought 13.66 acre of White Grass property from Frank Galey in 1952. Balderston hired Philadelphia architect John Arnold Bower to design a small group of cabins, a barn and support structures.</p><br>
<p>Retired politician John Hogan bought a homestead on the east side of the park in 1926 for use as a guest ranch and fox farm. In 1930 the ranch was purchased by the Snake River Land Company and was its headquarters while the Rockefeller-owned company was assembling lands in Jackson Hole for donation to the Park Service. The main house was occupied by SRLC manager Harold Fabian and his wife Josephine until 1945, when they moved to the Geraldine Lucas homestead on the other side of the valley. Donated as part of the SRLC lands in the 1950s, the house was used as a dormitory by the Park Service for a time.</p><br>
<p>Other significant extant vacation homes, dude ranches and small working ranches include Dick and Ethel Reimer House, built in 1938 between Moose and Mormon Row at the end of Blacktail Butte, and the McCollister residential complex farther to the east on Antelope Flats Road. Paul W. McCollister was the primary developer of Teton Village. The McCollister compound was built and expanded between 1953 and 1987. The Aspen Ridge Ranch, in the same area, is a complex of modest log residential and agricultural buildings, built in 1910 and expanded in 1946. The Wolff Ranch, located farther north near Moran, is small dude ranch complex established in the 1940s by Stippy Wolff and Frank Allen.</p><br>
<h3>Tourist camps</h3><br>
<p>In the 1930s increasing numbers of visitors began to arrive in the park by automobile, and accommodations were developed to suit the new, more transient tourists. The Kimmel Kabins, established in 1937 by J.D. and Lura Kimmel, are the last example of as many as twelve similar motor court-type lodgings in the park. Its remaining structures are used to house Park Service personnel. Harry and Elizabeth Sensenbach were earlier pioneers in this market, opening their homestead in front of the Cathedral Group to automobile tourists. The Sensenbach operation was bought in 1946 by Charles Byron, Jeanne Jenkins and Gloria Jenkins Wardell, who expanded the operation as the Highlands guest ranch. The Highlands was acquired by the Park Service in 1972 and used for employee housing. The Signal Mountain Lodge was one of several ventures by the Wort family, starting in the 1920s as Ole Warner&#39;s fishing camp. The Worts developed the property after they purchased it in 1931, adding cabins and a small lodge. They sold the camp in 1940, when it acquired its present name. Apart from a few cabins, most of the resort is of relatively recent construction.</p><br>
<p>Jimmy Manges, whose old ranch became the first Elbo Ranch, had built a cabin on his remaining land near the Double Diamond in 1926. He gradually created a guest camp on the property, calling it the X Quarter Circle X. The camp expanded to twenty cabins by the 1940s, when his nephew Irwin Lesher and Irwins wife Marvel took over management and improved the camps standard of hygiene. The Leshers continued to manage the camp after Jimmy&#39;s death in 1960 until Lesher sold out to the Park Service in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The 1925 Chapel of the Transfiguration catered to the tourist trade. Built and owned by St. Johns Episcopal Church, the chapel was built near Menors Ferry, in an area that became known as Moose. The grounds and church interior focus on the Cathedral Group of peaks, all in a consciously rustic style that emphasizes the natural environment over the built environment. The Chapel of the Sacred Heart was built in similar rustic style near Signal Mountain by the Our Lady of the Mountains Catholic Church of Jackson in 1958.</p><br>
<p>The dude ranches and guest ranches were overwhelmingly rustic in style, representing a return to log construction and deliberately "Western"-looking details, as a way of appealing to eastern dudes looking for an informal retreat reminiscent of the frontier.</p><br>
<h2>Park Service infrastructure</h2><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>Grand Teton National Park was designated in 1929 to encompass only the Teton Range and a narrow strip of land at the foot of the mountains including Jenny Lake and several smaller lakes. Nearly all of Jackson Hole was excluded from the park in the face of opposition from ranching interests. At the same time, the Rockefeller family, using the shield of the Snake River Land Company, began to buy lands in the valley for preservation and eventual donation to an expanded park. The SRLC lands were added to Jackson Hole National Monument in 1949, and Grand Teton National Park absorbed the monument lands in 1950.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s the Park Service began to build visitor and administrative facilities in the original park lands.The park&#39;s first point of visitor contact was, for many years, at Jenny Lake. The Jenny Lake Ranger Station comprised purpose-built structures as well as structures moved to the site from elsewhere. Chief of these relocated structures were the former Lee Manges cabin, built about 1925 and moved to the site to become the ranger station, and the Crandall Photo Studio, built around 1925-26 and later moved to the site. In the 1930s the Park Service added rustic public toilet facilities, called "comfort stations." The White Grass Ranger Station was built to a standardized Park Service plan in 1930.</p><br>
<p>The park had already inherited a number of similar structures built by the USA Forest Service prior to the 1929 establishment of the park, including the Leigh Lake Ranger Patrol Cabin and the Lower Berry Creek Patrol Cabin in the northern reaches of the park.</p><br>
<p>As the Great Depression wore on, the Park Service received help from Civilian Conservation Corps labor, and a CCC camp was established at Jenny Lake. The CCC built the Cascade Canyon and Death Canyon barns, as well as the Moran Bay and Upper Granite Canyon patrol cabins. Despite their names, the barns were patrol cabins, built to standard Park Service designs from the Branch of Plans and Designs, and intentionally designed in the National Park Service Rustic style. The CCC built three comfort stations as well, including the String Lake Comfort Station, originally located at Jenny Lake.</p><br>
<p>The largest concentration of structures from this era comprise the Old Administrative Area Historic District at Beaver Creek. The park headquarters, superintendents residence, four employee residences and three warehouses were designed in Park Service Rustic style and built by the CCC between 1934 and 1939. The Moose Entrance Kiosk was built nearby, and has since been moved to Moose. Private development in the 1930s included the Jenny Lake Boat Concession Facilities, built by Charles Wort, who held a legacy concessioners permit originally issued by the Forest Service, and who built a boathouse on Jenny Lake. Wort&#39;s family went on to establish the Wort Hotel in Jackson and the Signal Mountain Lodge. Robert Reimer, who took over the Wort concession at Jenny Lake in 1935, added a personal residence to the Jenny Lake ensemble.</p><br>
<h3>Park expansion</h3><br>
<p>The expansion of the park into Jackson Hole brought a requirement for new facilities at the new park gateway at Moose. The Mission 66 program was conceived in 1955 to deal with the dramatic increase in visitation, particularly automobile-borne tourism, being experienced Park Service-wide. The Moose Visitor Center, a new administration building, and employee residences were built at Moose, just downstream from Menors Ferry, where a bridge crossed the Snake River. At about the same time the Colter Bay Village complex was developed on Jackson Lake in the northern part of the park, providing camping, lodging and marina services. The largest development of this era was the new Jackson Lake Lodge, a reinterpretation of the traditional Park Service lodge concept in a modern style by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood. Underwood, who had designed the rustic Bryce Canyon and Grand Canyon lodges as well as Yosemites Ahwahnee Hotel, made a sharp break from the naturalistic rustic style, using concrete and steel and straight, sharp lines while he incorporated traditionally rustic colors and textures, framing a view of Mount Moran from the main lobby. The Jackson Lake Lodge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Context</h2><br>
<p>The historical structures of Grand Teton National Park span a period of little more than a century. They share a common heritage of rustic design and construction, first from necessity, and later from a common desire on the part of dude ranch operators and the National Park Service to evoke the aesthetics of the Western frontier. Grand Teton is unusual in its extensive inventory of structures from the pre-park period, a legacy of its expansion into areas that had been previously settled.</p><br>
<p>Blackberry Hill Hospital is an NHS psychiatric hospital in Fishponds, Bristol, England, specialising in forensic mental health services, operated by the Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust. The hospital also offers Drug and Alcohol Rehab inpatient services, and is the base for a number of Community Mental Health teams.</p><br>
<p>Opened as a prison in 1779, many of its buildings and the co-located Glenside campus of the University of the West of England (UWE) are Grade II listed. From 1948 until 2005 the site was also a geriatric hospital, for many of those years being the major geriatric hospital in South West England. In 2009, 21 acres of the site, incorporating the oldest buildings, was sold to the UK Government&#39;s Homes and Communities Agency, and is proposed to be redeveloped as part of a wider regeneration project.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Stapleton Prison</h3><br>
<p>The site first came into use as a prison in 1779, during the American Revolutionary War, when it was developed to house Dutch and Spanish prisoners of war who had been landed at Bristol Docks. After George III recognised the 13 United States of America as free and independent in 1783, the prisoners were sent home.</p><br>
<p>The site formally adopted the title Stapleton Prison, but was under utilised in civilian use, and was again expanded from 1793 after the commencement of the Napoleonic Wars. A third prison building was completed in 1804, used most recently as nurses&#39; accommodation. After the Treaty of Paris of 1814, the prisoners were again repatriated.</p><br>
<p>Writing in London Labour and the London Poor, published in 1862, Henry Mayhew recounted a letter sent by the secretary of the Bristol Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1808: &#39;Sir, I took my horse and rode to Stapleton prison … Inclosed are some of the drawings which I purchased in what they call their market... They wished to intrude on me a variety of devices in bone and wood of the most obscene kind … I purchased a few, but they are too bulky for a letter. This market is held before the door of the turnkey every day between the hours of ten and twelve.’</p><br>
<p>Today, only the shell of the original prison plus the British Garrison Officers Mess House and the Admiralty Agents House remain.</p><br>
<h3>Stapleton Workhouse</h3><br>
<p>Used as a naval stores, and then a school for naval boys, after a cholera outbreak in 1834 led to overcrowding of Bristols first workhouse at St Peters Hospital, the Bristol Corporation of the Poor rented the old prison.</p><br>
<p>After purchasing the site in 1837, they began to make alterations, adding to the walls separating the different sections of the site. In 1861, they demolished many of the oldest prison buildings, and built the main structure of what later become Blackberry Hill Hospital.</p><br>
<h3>Stapleton Institution</h3><br>
<p>At the start of World War I, the site was turned over to become Stapleton Institution for the Maintenance and Workshop Training of Certified Mental Defectives. The facility housed and then trained those assessed as mentally defective in domestic and industrial crafts, so that they could be deployed in the war effort. After the end of hostilities, these housing and post-assessment training activities continued.</p><br>
<h3>Stapleton Hospital</h3><br>
<p>Post World War II, the National Health Service Act 1946 turned the informal retention activity into a full mental health facility, under the title Stapleton Hospital. Records show that on take over by the NHS, the facility was caring for 837 patients: 350 under the Mental Treatment Act 1930; 152 mentally handicapped; 80 social misfits. Even after takeover, the previous regime stayed in place, with patients assessed as capable enough working for their keep in the hospital&#39;s kitchens, bakery and for local farms.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1948 it became Stapleton Hospital for Geriatric Illness.</p><br>
<h3>Manor Park Hospital</h3><br>
<p>Renamed under the NHS reforms of 1956, Manor Park Hospital retained its geriatric illness brief.</p><br>
<h3>Blackberry Hill Hospital</h3><br>
<p>From January 1993, the hospital site merged with the adjacent Glenside Hospital, originally built as a lunatic asylum, to become the jointly named Blackberry Hill Hospital. Patients of Glenside were assessed for capability, with many placed within the Care in the Community programme, while the residual were moved into new buildings constructed on the former Manor Park site for their long term care.</p><br>
<h4>Geriatric services</h4><br>
<p>Geriatric services were initially run by the Frenchay Healthcare Trust, which took in patients from a wide area. In 1997 the newly created North Bristol NHS Trust (NBT), merging the operations of Frenchay and Southmead Hospitals, took over the running of these services and focused on patients from the trust catchement area.</p><br>
<p>In June 2005 NBT closed inpatient services at Blackberry Hill Hospital, transferring most services to Frenchay Hospital and Southmead Hospital, with the objective of improving services while reducing costs. The following services were moved from Blackberry Hill Hospital:</p><br>
<p>Stroke Service</p><br>
<p>Orthopaedic Rehabilitation Service</p><br>
<p>Dementia Service</p><br>
<p>Intermediate Care Services</p><br>
<p>A small respite care service was transferred to Thornbury Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Some geriatric outpatient services remained at the site, including the Memory Service. However, in 2006 AWP took over the running of the Memory Service, following the national model of Mental Health Trusts running this service. A charity for research into Alzheimer’s disease, BRACE, and the Regional Quality Control Laboratories continued to use the site under a lease from NBT until July 2010.</p><br>
<h4>Psychiatric services</h4><br>
<p>Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership (AWP) created, in 2005, two new secured facilities at Blackberry Hill. The first was a refurbishment of the secure in-patient care facility to create the Wickham Unit (or Wickham Low Secure Service). The second in new buildings to the rear of the site provided a medium secure facility, known as Fromeside (or Fromeside Medium Secure Unit).</p><br>
<p>In 1996, the Avon and Gloucestershire College of Health (along with the Bath and Swindon College of Health Studies) became part of the University of the West of England, and the Glenside site became the UWE Faculty of Health and Social Care.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<h3>Redevelopment</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, North Bristol NHS Trust transferred most of their remaining services to Frenchay and Southmead Hospitals. In 2007, they declared the Blackberry Hill site surplus to requirements, while AWP moved some of its older people services to Callington Road and Southmead hospitals. After transferring their 10% interest in the site to NBT, AWP adult mental health services were moved to the most modern buildings at the rear of the hospital site. The older former hospital buildings, visible from Manor Road, currently remain disused.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, the residual 21 acre Blackberry Hill site was sold to the UK Government&#39;s Homes and Communities Agency, and is proposed to be redeveloped as part of a wider regeneration project. The buildings which are mainly Grade II listed will be converted into a mixed-use development of flats, houses, shops and small business premises.</p><br>
<p>As of October 2011, the Homes and Communities Agency has launched a tender asking potential developers to come up with a vision for the Blackberry Hill site. Some eight bidders have been short listed and three finalists will be selected by the end of November. Part of the requirement will be to work with a newly appointed Community Interest Group to shape any future development plans for the site as closely as possible to legal, community and commercial requirements.</p><br>
<h3>Services</h3><br>
<p>Blackberry Hill Hospital currently offers the following inpatient services:</p><br>
<p>Fromeside Unit (Medium Secure Services)</p><br>
<p>Bradley Brook Ward</p><br>
<p>Teign Ward</p><br>
<p>Ladden Brook Ward</p><br>
<p>Kennet Ward</p><br>
<p>Siston Ward</p><br>
<p>Avon Ward</p><br>
<p>Cary Ward</p><br>
<p>Wellow Ward</p><br>
<p>Malago Centre - therapies and activities</p><br>
<p>Wickham Unit (Low Secure Services)</p><br>
<p>Fairfax Ward</p><br>
<p>Hopton Ward</p><br>
<p>Cromwell Ward</p><br>
<p>Acer Unit (Drug and Alcohol Rehab)</p><br>
<p>And the following community mental health services for South Gloucestershire:</p><br>
<p>Early Intervention In Psychosis Team</p><br>
<p>Complex Interventions Team and Memory Services</p><br>
<p>Primary Care Liaison Service</p><br>
<p>Community Drug and Alcohol Services Team</p><br>
<p>Criminal Justice Interventions Team</p><br>
<p>The Intensive Team (Also known as the Crisis Team)</p><br>
<p>The Recovery Team</p><br>
<p>Therapies Team</p><br>
<p>Vocational Services</p><br>
<p>Home Care Liaison Service</p><br>
<p>Veterans Mental Health Service (South West)</p><br>
<p>In 2013, AWP was given a formal warning by the Care Quality Commission over low staffing levels at its medium-secure unit on the site.</p><br>
<p>Csóványos is a mountain in the Börzsöny range of the North Hungarian Mountains. It has an altitude of 938 metres and spans the border of Nógrád County and Pest County. This area was geologically active in the Miocene era, 18 to 19 million years ago. In the Quaternary, when volcanic activity commenced, the immediate environment of Csóványos emerged. These movements created water features, high above the forests. The forest on the mountain is dense with blue beech and Austrian oak.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain lies within the Ipoly River Basin, which is a transboundary river between Slovakia and Hungary with the middle and lower basin lying in Hungarian territory. The Hungarian territory of the basin covers an area of 1521 km² formed by the hills of Nograd, Cserhat and Borzsony; Borzsony includes the Csóványos The Csóványos mountain peak as part of the Börzsöny Mountain ranges, lie in the Danube-Ipoly National Park in northern Hungary; the park is one of ten Hungarian national parks set up to "protect forested hills as well as riparian and lowland habitats."</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The nearby alder forest of Drégelypalánk and the red pine forest of Diósjenő have been described as "almost mystic".</p><br>
<h2>Trails</h2><br>
<p>In the mid-1960s, the railway was developed in the area as well as mountain bike trails. It has since became a popular hiking and biking route. A 28 metre high building tower (a geodetic station) near the Peace Monument was built in 1973 and offers panoramic views of the countryside.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>A poetry book A Csóványos északi oldala by Győrffy Ákos about this mountain was published in 2000, and won the Hungarian Writers&#39; Association Gérecz Attila Prize.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is an Episcopal church in Litchfield, Minnesota, United States, built in 1871 in Carpenter Gothic style. It has been attributed to the noted New York architect Richard Upjohn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 for having local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated as a superlative example of Carpenter Gothic design from the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>As originally constructed in 1871, Trinity Episcopal Church consisted of the nave and chancel, plus a transept and vestry on the north. Immediately to the east was a freestanding church hall used for the parish school. Both buildings were constructed at the same time, along with a rectory a block and a half to the west. The gap between the church and hall was later filled in, creating a single 120 ft structure. The three-story bell tower and south transept are also later additions.</p><br>
<p>The buildings board and batten walls were a signature of Episcopal churches from the 1850s to the 1870s. On the Trinity Episcopal Church, though, the exterior walls are highly embellished with wainscoting below a horizontal band at the height of the window sills. Directly below each window is a decorative panel of crossed boards. These elements are not found on the parish hall, indicating it was not designed by the same architect. The churchs lancet windows and door and side-entry bell tower are typical of Carpenter Gothic architecture.</p><br>
<p>The churchs original pine furnishings were replaced in the 1950s. However very similar furnishings can be seen in the contemporaneous St. Marks Episcopal Chapel near Annandale, Minnesota.</p><br>
<h2>Architect</h2><br>
<p>Historical documents do not record who the architect was for the church building. It is believed to have been designed by prominent architect Richard Upjohn of New York City, famous for his Gothic Revival churches. Upjohn had a plausible connection to the project, given that the construction funds were largely donated by Upjohns famous Trinity Church in Manhattan and he had designed the Brooklyn home of the family after whom Litchfield was named. The buildings grace and sophistication indicate that Trinity Episcopal Church was indeed one of Upjohns last works. Additionally, the original rectory resembles the architects own home in Garrison, New York, though perhaps coincidentally.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is still an active parish in the Episcopal Diocese of Minnesota. As of 2015 its rector is the Reverend Robert Miller. The original rectory a short distance away has since become a private residence.</p><br>
<p>The Wilks Brooks House, is a home in Memphis, Tennessee, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The house was built by Wilks Brooks and his fifteen-year-old son Joseph Brooks; construction started in October 1834 and ended in 1835.</p><br>
<p>The Wilks Brooks house is the oldest example of Greek Revival architecture in the Shelby County, Tennessee area. It is an L-shaped dwelling with two stories and has a central hallway, known as a dog-trot, with rooms to the left and right. Wood on the property, elm, poplar and cedar, was used to construct the home. Bricks and nails used were made on the property. The inside of the walls are made from plaster fortified with horsehair.</p><br>
<p>The home became the residence for Wilks Brooks&#39; family in 1836. It served as the center of a large plantation and was located on the Cherokee Trace, once the trail used by American Indians as a major trading route. Cotton grown on the plantation was taken to Memphis to be sold, first by mule-drawn wagons, and later shipped by the railroad after the completion of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The home was occupied by members of Brooks&#39; family until 1898. During the American Civil War, the home served as a hospital for Confederate soldiers, and later the Union troops of the 7th Regiment Kansas Volunteer Cavalry used the home as headquarters and camped on the grounds. They used miles of fencing for firewood and killed hogs and cattle to feed the troops.</p><br>
<p>In 1898, Agnes Nelson Brooks died, and the home was no longer occupied by family members. It sat empty for years until in 1973, descendants of Wilks Brooks moved the home to another location on the property and began reconstruction. Reconstruction was completed in 2002 and the home has been occupied by tenants since then. It is currently under private ownership.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church is a historic church building in Stockton, Minnesota, United States, constructed in 1859. It is now the Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church and was enlarged with a new wing in 1971. The original section was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement. It was nominated for its well-preserved Carpenter Gothic architecture and shared importance to a community established by American-born settlers but later dominated by German immigrants.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The original wing has been called a "sophisticated example of a Carpenter Gothic church with spire." The building&#39;s lancet windows and door are typical of Carpenter Gothic architecture, while its center entry bell tower is atypical.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlers arrived in the vicinity of Stockton around 1855. Mostly White Anglo-Saxon Protestants from the East Coast of the United States, they formed an Episcopal parish in 1858 and built the Trinity Episcopal Church the following year. By the end of the 1860s, however, an influx of German immigrants had altered the ethnic composition of Stockton. The church struggled to accommodate a bilingual congregation, and discontinued regular services in 1872. Stockton&#39;s new German majority formed a Lutheran congregation in 1891 and obtained the church building the following year.</p><br>
<p>In 1924 the church was moved a short distance southeast onto a new foundation that had been constructed there with a full basement. At the same time a chancel with stained glass was added. A renovation greatly altered the church&#39;s interior in 1956, but did not compromise the historical integrity of the exterior. In 1971 a new wing using a style sympathetic to the original was added to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Reuben Davis House, also known as Sunset Hill, is a USA national historic place located in Aberdeen, Mississippi. It is an impressive two-story antebellum mansion that was constructed between 1847 and 1853. Well known as the former residence of Reuben Davis, a prominent attorney, statesman, and author, the property has important historical connections for both the town of Aberdeen and Mississippi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Design and construction</h3><br>
<p>The Reuben Davis House is an imposing example of the Greek Revival style that was popular in the prosperous South during the mid-19th Century. The original structure was built in 1847 by D.F. Alexander and then remodeled and expanded by William Cunningham in 1853. The house expresses major stylistic references to Asher Benjamin&#39;s The Practical House Carpenter (1830) and Practice of Architecture (1833).</p><br>
<h3>Location</h3><br>
<p>The city of Aberdeen was incorporated in 1837. According to an article featured in the Aberdeen Examiner, the city is described as containing more antebellum homes than any other Mississippi town of a comparable size. In the mid 19th-century, the community grew from the development of a cotton port on the Tombigbee River. The town was made the county seat in 1849 and had a population of approximately 5,000 by the 1850 census. However, the prosperity and economic growth declined after 1850 when the Mobile and Ohio Railway Company constructed a line eight miles west of the town.</p><br>
<h3>Reuben Davis</h3><br>
<p>Reuben Davis (January 18, 1813 – October 14, 1890) was a prominent figure in 19th century Mississippi. He served as a prosecuting attorney for Mississippi&#39;s sixth judicial district from 1835 to 1839, and a judge of the high court of appeals in 1842. During the Mexican–American War he was a colonel in the Second Regiment of Mississippi Volunteers. In 1855 he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives and in 1857 to the USA House of Representatives for the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congress. In 1861 he withdrew from this position to become the Monroe County candidate for the state secession convention. That same year he became a Mississippi representative to the Confederate Congress in Richmond, Virginia. During the Civil War he was a brigadier general in the Confederate Army. Following the Civil War, Davis returned to Aberdeen to resume his law practice. He purchased Sunset Hill in 1869. It was at this residence that Davis raised his family (with his second wife) and wrote the historical reference Recollections of Mississippi and Mississippians. He remained at Sunset Hill until his death in 1890 and was buried at the Odd Fellows Cemetery. His wife died 22 years later, in 1912. Prior to her death, she had requested that her body be laid in state on top of the grand piano in her parlor and surrounded with roses; a wish which was honored.</p><br>
<h3>Modern times</h3><br>
<p>Over the next 36 years the property changed owners multiple times. One of the owners, from 1937 to 1943, was a grandniece of Reuben Davis, Mrs. Edmonia Nichols. During the 1940s the house was utilized as an apartment complex and its condition deteriorated. In 1948 the property and the one acre on which it now stands was sold to Drs. Chester and Catherine Brummett. In 1961 Sunset Hill was sold to Mr. & Mrs. W. Emerson Jones. The Jones&#39; made substantial improvements and renovations during their ownership of the property. The USA Department of the Interior added Sunset Hill (listed as the Reuben Davis House) to The National Register of Historic Places in November 1978. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History officially designated Sunset Hill as a Mississippi Landmark in February 1987. The house was sold in 1992, and again in 1997 to its current owners. Additional renovations have taken place over the last 15 years, including restoration of the Reuben Davis office.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of Sunset Hill is described with great detail in the National Register Form:</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Given its rich history and cultural significance, Sunset Hill attracts a number of visitors each year. The home was featured in the 2013 Aberdeen Pilgrimage and Christmas Holiday Home Tour. In the future, the residents may open select bedrooms to the public as a "bed and breakfast."</p><br>
<p>The Loch of Trabboch or Dalrympleston Loch  was situated in a low-lying area below the old Castle of Trabboch, once held by the Boyd family in the Parish of Stair, East Ayrshire, Scotland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The loch is recorded as the Loch of Trabboch in 1654, pronounced Traaboch. A small comma-shaped island of 0.1 acres and around 120 ft long is shown on the first OS maps at co-ordinates 55.458984N and -4.466443W.</p><br>
<p>The Drumdow colliery near the village of Trabboch was abandoned and flooded by 1905 and has become known as Trabboch Loch, the name Dalrympleston Loch or marsh being applied to the old Loch of Trabboch site.</p><br>
<h3>Usage</h3><br>
<p>The loch was a site where swans, moor hens, and other waterfowl nested and as a site within the old Barony of Trabboch it was an area used for hunting and fishing by the laird.</p><br>
<p>OS maps mark the loch as a curling pond and records show that from 1853 to at least the 1880s it was used for matches between clubs such as those at Tarbolton and Ochiltree. Tarbolton Curling Club used Loch Fail in the 19th century, showing that it was prone to winter flooding at that time.</p><br>
<h3>Cartographic evidence</h3><br>
<p>Blaeus map of 1654, dating from Timothy Ponts survey of circa 1604, clearly shows and names the loch and indicates only an outflow to the Water of Coyle. Roy&#39;s map of 1747 does not show a loch. Thomson map of 1832 does not record a loch.</p><br>
<p>The 19th century Ordnance Survey maps show the site clearly with an island present, and an inflow from the Dalrympleston Burn, exiting to run down to the Water of Coyle at Gatefoot. An extensive area of wetland is shown extending around the loch waters on early OS maps. The 1897 OS marks the loch as a Curling Pond, but the 1948 map shows a drain running through the loch and no mention of its sue as a curling pond. Many drainage schemes date to the end of World War I when many soldiers returned en masse to civilian life. After 1959 the loch had become a wetland area and no longer had open water.</p><br>
<h2>Micro-history</h2><br>
<p>The lands of Trabboch are first recorded by name in a rental of 1303-4. King Robert the Bruce gave the L-plan castle to the Boyds of Kilmarnock for services rendered at the Battle of Bannockburn as revealed in an undated charter in the Register of the Great Seal, stating that King Robert I granted the lands of Trebach in Kyle-Regis to Robert Boyd. By 1451 the lands had passed into the hands of William, Earl of Douglas and later to the Boswells of Auchinleck. In the 17th century Chalmers of Gadgirth and Reid of Barskimming held parts of the Barony of Trabboch. Love states that the Arthurs, Lord Ochiltree, and the Campbells of Loudoun also held Trabboch Castle. The associated Mill of Trabboch stood on the Water of Coyle and was not powered by the loch waters.</p><br>
<p>Campbell sees Trabboch Castle as the only survivor of a defensive chain of castles that once ran across Kyle Regis and included Stair, Auchencloigh, Drongan, and Drumsuie.</p><br>
<p>A Common Crane, a rare species for Ayrshire was recorded at Dalrympleston marsh in 1987. It is recorded on the bird gazetteer as a site for watching birds.</p><br>
<p>Baltieji Lakajai is a major lake of eastern Lithuania, located about 12 miles east of Moletai, in Labanoras Regional Park of Utena County. It is part of the Neris River basin, an elongated lake in a west–east direction. The lake is of glacial original as are all 9,000 and odd natural lakes  covering 1.5% of the land area of Lithuania.</p><br>
<p>The Baltieji Lakajai is part of Labanoras Regional Park that was established in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Its total area is 6.998 km², its length is 8.6 km and its maximum width is 1.3 km. The lake has three islands which cover an area of 3.8 hectares. Along the waterhole is a 40–50 m deep ravine. It is a relatively shallow lake with a maximum depth of 45 metres, narrow, and almost no beaches. Pine forests line the shores in most parts. The smaller Tramys lakes are just to the northeast, to the west is Lake Siesartis, and to the south (from west to east) is Lake Urkis, Lake Kertuojai and Juodieji Lakajai. The lake can be accessed by foot via Highway 114 from the north and Highway 173 from the southwest and is quite popular with vacationers.</p><br>
<h2>Fish fauna</h2><br>
<p>The vendace (Coregonus albula) and the smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) are the two species (Vendace is an individual of Coregoninae and smelt of Osmeridae) of cold water fish, which belong to Salmoniformes that are found in abundance in the Baltieji Lakajai, apart from in 74 other large and deep water lakes in Lithuania.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Villages around the lake include Rudesa, Kamužė, Grūsis, Ažuraisčiai, Antalakaja, Apkartai, Ščiurys, Palakajys, and Mateliai. The lake has population of perch, roach, pike and bream and there are also eels and crayfish. A permit for angling on the lake is required from the Lithuanian Environmental Protection Agency. The lake is also popular with divers. Water tourism</p><br>
<p>and recreational infrastructure have been created in the lake area.</p><br>
<p>The Dundwa Range  is a subrange of the Sivalik Hills in western Nepal and northern Uttar Pradesh, India. It separates the Outer Terai of Balarampur and Shravasti districts in Uttar Pradesh from Deukhuri Valley in Nepal&#39;s Dang-Deukhuri and eastern Banke districts. The international border follows the southern edge of this range, leaving a zone of forested Bhabar inside Uttar Pradesh.</p><br>
<p>The Dundwas diverge from other Sivalik ranges at 27°52N, 83°14Ein western Kapilvastu, extending 160 km W and WNW across Dang Deukhuri District and into Banke -- within 20 km of Nepalganj -- before descending into the alluvial plains. The Dundwas divert the Rapti some 100 km west before the river resumes its southward course toward the Ganges.</p><br>
<p>Nepals main E-W Mahendra Highway climbs 400 metres from the Outer Terai to cross this range at 28°47N, 82°49&#39;E. Summit elevations diminish from east to west with some exceeding 1,400m near the eastern end of the range. ~930m Shiv Gadi rises 4 km west of Mahendra Highway. 80 km further west there is a ~790m summit, then the crest progressively loses elevation to 190m at the lower end of Deukhuri Valley.</p><br>
<p>Koilabas bazaar, Nepal is located on the international border in this range.</p><br>
<p>On Your Knees Cave  is an archaeological site located in southeastern Alaska . Human remains were found at the site in 1996 that dated between 9,730 ±60 and 9,880±50 radiocarbon YBP  or a calendrical date of 10,300 YBP. In addition to human skeletal remains, stone tools and animal bones were discovered. DNA analyses performed on the human skeletal remains document the presence of mitochondrial haplogroup D which occurs widely in the Americas. Isotopic analysis indicated that the individual had a primarily marine based diet.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>On Your Knees Cave is located on the northern tip off Prince of Wales Island within the Tongass National Forest. Its location is approximately one kilometer from the coast and 125 meters above sea level. Originally, the entrance of the cave was obstructed by large rocks and soil that had fallen from the cliff above. However, the cave’s entrance also was heavily covered with vegetation. These factors made the entrance of the cave very difficult to find when the Tongass Cave Project began work near the site. After the obstructions were cleared, the entrance proved to be very small thereby giving the cave its name after the manner one must enter the cave. Once inside the cave, there is a lengthy tunnel with an extremely low ceiling with old bear dens throughout.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>The site was first discovered in 1993 by the Tongass Cave Project, a joint cooperation between the Tongass National Forest and the National Speleological Society. Starting the following year, old bear dens within the cave were explored and numerous animal bones began to be found. Many different animal species were found during the excavations, including species now extinct on the island. After the discovery of animal bones in 1994, Timothy Heaton, paleontologist with the University of South Dakota-Vermillion at the time, lead the research project, assisted in 1996 and after by Fred Grady with the Smithsonian Institution. Brian Kemp, a molecular anthropologist, and E. James Dixon assisted in the analyses. However, the discovery of human skeletal remains in 1996 changed the direction of the research project.</p><br>
<p>The human skeletal remains included a mandible with all but the incisors, partial remains of a right pelvis and small other fragments, 5 vertebrae, 3 maxillary incisors, and 1 maxillary canine. Stone tools were found among the animal and human bones. The stone tool material, obsidian, suggests trade or movement across water and land boundaries in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>On Your Knees Cave is currently one of the earliest known settlements along the Northwest Coast of North America. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) was extracted from one of the individual’s molars. The genetic analysis revealed that the individual Shuká Káa was a male. Further examination of the teeth indicated that the man died in his mid-twenties. Through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), the individual was determined to be a member of a subgroup of haplogroup D, marking the earliest occurrence of this haplogroup. although this does not mean that ancient Alaskan Native American groups would not have been closely related to the individual.</p><br>
<p>Isotopic analyses conducted on the human skeletal remains revealed this individual’s diet was almost entirely marine protein. This, given On Your Knees Cave’s location on an island, suggests a maritime adaptation was present at an early time level in this region.</p><br>
<p>One hundred animal bones samples from On Your Knees Cave underwent carbon-14 dating and the results indicated that during the past 40,000 years there was almost continuous occupation and use of the cave by animals, indicating the island was never completely glaciated or uninhabitable during this interval. The stone tools that were found within the cave were made at the site, but not of materials known to be from the site such as obsidian.</p><br>
<h2>NAGPRA and the human skeletal remains</h2><br>
<p>In accordance with the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, excavations at On Knees Cave were halted after the discovery of human skeletal remains in 1996. After the discovery, Heaton and other project leaders contacted and began consulting with local tribal governments in the area to determine the ownership of the remains. The rightful ownership was deemed to belong to the Tlingit people in Southeastern Alaska. The Tlingit had their reservations about allowing scientists to test the remains, but finally agreed to analyses of the human bones and further excavation if they were notified of any additional discoveries. This led to a 12-year-long partnership between the Tlingit Native American tribe and the scientific community. After the human skeletal remains had been studied for a time, they were repatriated to the Tlingit people for a reburial and a celebration festival.</p><br>
<h2>Funding</h2><br>
<p>The research at On-Your-Knees Cave was funded by the National Science Foundation, National Geographic Society, Tongass National Forest, University of South Dakota, and National Speleological Society.</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<h2>Documentary</h2><br>
<p>A documentary Kuwóot yas.éin (His Spirit is Looking Out From the Cave) has been made by the Sealaska Heritage Institute.</p><br>
<p>The Elephant Gate , also referred to as the Elephant Tower , is the most famous landmark of the Carlsberg area, the original brewery site of the Carlsberg Breweries, which is now under redevelopment as a new neighbourhood in Copenhagen, Denmark. It takes its name from four large granite elephants which flank the gate, standing back to back, carrying a small tower on their backs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Completed in 1901, the Elephant Gate was built at the same time as the Ny Carlsberg Brewhouse. Together with the original Ny Carlsberg building and the Dipylon, they completed the main Ny Carlsberg complex around a central courtyard.</p><br>
<p>The new Elephant Gate made the entrance to the brewery from the Valby side, complementing the Dipylon which marked the entrance coming from the city.</p><br>
<p>The architect was Vilhelm Dahlerup who also designed the previous stages but not the new brewhouse which was designed by Vilhelm Klein.</p><br>
<p>The space above the gate originally served as a water tower and herb silo.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Typically of Ny Carlsbergs architecture, as well as of Vilhelm Dahlerips work in general, the Elephant Gate is built to a colourful Historicist design which freely relies on inspiration from different periods and cultures.</p><br>
<h3>The elephants</h3><br>
<p>The elephant feature, which was Carl Jacobsens own idea, was inspired by Berninis obelisk-carrying elephant on Piazza della Minerva in Rome. The four elephants were created by the sculptor Hans Peder Pedersen-Dan based on a sketch by Dahlerup.</p><br>
<h3>The spire</h3><br>
<p>The upper tower, which has a floor area of only 115 square metres, is built in red, ornamental brick. It has tall, round-arched windows and is topped by a copper-clad onion dome.</p><br>
<h2>Image gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Hyman–Brand Building, often referred to as just the Brand Building, is located at the corner of South Galena Street and East Hopkins Avenue in Aspen, Colorado, United States. It is a two-story stone building erected in the late 19th century. At different stages in the city&#39;s history, it was owned by an entrepreneur who used the building in a way that redefined the city for that time. In 1985, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built by David Marks Hyman, one of the earliest investors in silver mining during Aspens early years; it is the only building in Aspen he is known to have financed. Originally home to a bank, it was one of the largest commercial blocks built during the citys boomtown period. Later it was used for several car-related businesses, including a dealership and drive-through gas station in the corner where the bank lobby had once been. In 1971 local entrepreneur Harley Baldwin saved it from demolition, and along with the neighboring Collins Block later renovated it into an area now known as "Glitter Gulch". Today it is home to some upscale boutiques and art galleries.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located at the southwest corner of the intersection, on the opposite corner from Aspen City Hall, also listed on the National Register. To the west along East Hopkins is another Register-listed property, the Collins Block. The neighborhood is urban and densely developed, with a mixture of historic and sympathetic modern two- and three-story commercial buildings predominating.</p><br>
<p>Structurally it has brick walls, faced in heavily rusticated peachblow sandstone. It is two stories in height. A single-bay clipped corner entrance divides two street facades, 12 bays on the Galena frontage and 10 on Hopkins.</p><br>
<p>Two full-height pilasters separate the corner bay and the two-bay portions on either side. Along Hopkins the next section is a single bay, then two each in the next three sections and another pilaster at the corner. The Galena facade has three in the next section, above the Gucci boutique. A narrow single bay is followed by two three-bay sections with the same treatment.</p><br>
<p>Most of the street level is devoted to retail storefronts, their entrances covered in awnings. A Dior boutique occupies the corner space, with Gucci on either side. An art gallery occupies the space to the south of Gucci along Galena.</p><br>
<p>Fenestration on the upper story consists of one-over-one double-hung sash windows. The five on the Hopkins side, and the first four on Galena, are taller and have taller upper panes. The corner window is topped with a semicircular plaque with "BRAND BLDG. 1891 ASPEN COLO." lettered on it. Above the second story, is a double modillioned cornice in three courses, higher in the middle where the roof has a parapet. Behind it is an open-air rooftop cafe, with umbrellas over the tables. A flagpole stands above the corner.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building is given over to the stores on the first floor with hotel rooms on the second, many of which retain some of the original woodwork. Inside the Dior boutique the bank vault and door from the bank originally in that space remain. The door has its original artistic decoration.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>David Marks Hyman, a Bavarian-born Harvard-educated Cincinnati lawyer, came to Aspen in the early 1880s to take more direct control of silver mines friends of his had invested his money in. He became one of the richest citizens of the emerging community, building a fortune from the Colorado Silver Boom.</p><br>
<p>Like fellow early Aspen mining entrepreneur Jerome B. Wheeler, his rival and adversary in a bitter legal battle over one particularly rich silver lode, he made his statement with large buildings bearing his name. The Hyman Building was faced in the same peachblow sandstone as Wheeler&#39;s Opera House, brought to the city by the railroads that Hyman and Wheeler had briefly put aside their differences to bring up the Roaring Fork Valley in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>The Hyman was one of the largest commercial buildings erected in Aspen during the early mining boom. Other retail tenants included jewelers and a grocery store. The upper space had some offices but was mostly given over to a meeting hall of the Patriotic Order Sons of Liberty.</p><br>
<p>The banks presence and the buildings dominant position within the city helped it survive after the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in response to the Panic of 1893 brought an end to the boom years of early Aspen. The metals price collapsed to market levels once the federal government was no longer required to purchase it, and the citys population steadily declined. Many smaller buildings from the boom years stood vacant and abandoned, their neglect leaving them victim to fire and the effects of Aspens severe and lengthy high-altitude winters. The orders former meeting room was a popular venue for local dance events.</p><br>
<p>Another entrepreneur, Michael H. Brand, bought the building in the 1920s. He adapted it for use to serve the growing population of automobile users, a mode of transportation then making its presence felt in the remote mountain town, its population by then a historic low of less than a thousand. As in the Aspen Block, the corner space was converted into a service station. The onetime bank lobbies had the only ceilings high enough for trucks to fit under and shelter them from snowfall. Other spaces were given over to a dealership and repair shop.</p><br>
<p>After World War II, another owner took over the gas station. Aspen gradually became one of the first ski resorts in the Western United States, and its economy improved. The Aspen Music Festival used the meeting hall space for orchestra rehearsals in the 1950s, before it developed its own facilities outside of town. The Hyman–Brand began to feel the effects of time and its radical conversion several decades earlier. By 1970 the gas station was no longer a viable business, and the building was condemned and slated for demolition.</p><br>
<p>The following year it was saved when Harley Baldwin bought it for $170,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). A man in his mid-20s who had driven out to Aspen from the East after college and established a business selling crêpes which he then parlayed into real estate, Baldwin restored the Hyman–Brand and leased it out as a retail space.</p><br>
<p>A few years later, Baldwin returned to New York City and devoted most of his time and energy to real estate there. In 1988 he returned to Aspen and bought the Collins Block next door. He began to transform both properties into visible symbols of Aspen&#39;s cachet among the international rich and famous, easing out longtime tenants like a hardware store in favor of upscale fashion retailers like Louis Vuitton, Dior and Gucci. Baldwin opened the art gallery that still bears his name in the building as well. The upper story of the Hyman–Brand became the exclusive Aspen Hotel, where guests had membership privileges at the exclusive Caribou Club in the basement of the Collins Block</p><br>
<p>The area became known as "Glitter Gulch", a nickname that soon also came to be used for Aspen as a whole. Some residents lamented the open acknowledgement of Aspens association with celebrity and wealth, recalling the days of the early 1970s when the citys lack of pretense had so attracted those visitors in the first place, and they mixed freely with locals. Baldwin saw it as simply inevitable. "Aspen is for the most successful people in the world. It so happens that they like to wear Gucci. Where&#39;s the problem?" he told Vanity Fair in 2001. the Hyman–Brand was estimated to be worth as much as $15 million.</p><br>
<p>Nagar River  begins in the Bogra District of Bangladesh and ends in Natore District.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Nagar is a branch of the Karatoya and serves as the boundary between the Shibganj and Bogra thanas, for about 7 mi. It then passes between the former and the Dhupchanchia Upazila and then Adamdighi down to the village of Champapur. It then turns off west wards and passing through the Dupchanchia thana enters Rajshahi district. It falls in the Atrai, at Singra Upazila in the Natore District.</p><br>
<p>It is a tortuous river, and its whole length in this district, including the windings is about 30 mi. On its banks are situated the important villages of Elahiganj and Dhupchanchia. It is one of the important rivers of Kalai Upazila in Joypurhat district.</p><br>
<p>It is navigable by boats only during the rainy season.</p><br>
<p>The Brentwood Library Site , also known as the Jarman Farm Site, is a Mississippian culture archaeological site located in the city of Brentwood, in Williamson County, Tennessee. It was occupied during the Thurston Phase of the local chronology and artifacts from the site have been radiocarbon dated to 1298 to 1465 CE.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The Brentwood Library Site is located on a low ridge next to the Harpeth River and a small spring-fed creek. The site was first mentioned by Frederic Ward Putnam as part of an Harvard Peabody Museum Expedition in the 1882, but the exact location was not mentioned. Putnam excavated forty-eight stone box graves at the site. At least one example of a Nashville style shell gorget was found by Putnam during his excavations of an infants grave, along with a notched-rim bowl, a human effigy hooded bottle and eight marine shell beads. The site was then forgotten until construction for the new Brentwood library in 1997 uncovered a substantial village and associated burial area.</p><br>
<h3>Ceramics</h3><br>
<p>Mississippian culture pottery vessels and sherds found at the site were made with techniques and forms found across the Mississippian world. Common shapes include bowls with notched rim straps and jars with a direct rim. Strap handles were the only closed handle style found, although bifurcate and tabular lugs were sometimes attached. Some sherds were found to be fabric impressed and other examples used a technique known as negative painting, Notable pottery classifications found were examples of Mound Place Incised, Matthews Incised var. Matthews, Manly Incised and Beckwith Incised, with Beckwith Incised being found in the largest numbers. A few pieces of effigy pottery were also found, mostly of zoomorphic figures such as fish, frogs, and ducks although some examples with anthropomorphic shapes were found. These humans effigies often depicted a standing woman with top-knots in her hair, a pronounced hunchback and ear spools Similar ceramic and stone statues are found throughout the Middle Tennessee area.</p><br>
<p>Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera, located in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete in Greece. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group, consisting of Santorini , the main island, Therasia and Aspronisi at the periphery, and the Kameni islands at the center.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The caldera measures about 12 by, with 300 m high steep cliffs on three sides.</p><br>
<p>There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni.</p><br>
<p>The main island, Santorini has an area of 75.8 km&sup2; square kilometers, Therasia 9.3 km&sup2, and the uninhabited islands of Nea Kameni 3.4 km&sup2, Palea Kameni 0.5 km&sup2; and Aspronisi 0.1 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The extraordinary beauty of Santorini&#39;s high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and perfect observation conditions, have made it a magnet for volcanologists, as well as a highlight of tourism in the Aegean.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, which includes the volcanoes of Methana, Milos, Santorini and Nisyros. It marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean subplate of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It is characterized by earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.</p><br>
<p>Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.</p><br>
<p>The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanology</h2><br>
<p>The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years before the present era (BP). The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years BP, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years BP. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years BP during the Minoan eruption.</p><br>
<p>Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only fumarolic activity, primarily inside the recently active craters, takes place. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012.</p><br>
<p>The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program&#39;s Volcanic Explosivity Index.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Following is a list of the major eruptive events of Santorini beginning with the catastrophic Minoan eruption, as noted by the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History&#39;s Global Volcanism Program:</p><br>
<p>Goodaver, Goodaver stone circle or Goodaver circle is a stone circle located in the parish of Altarnun, near Bolventor on Bodmin Moor in Cornwall, UK.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The circle has a diameter of 32.3 m (almost exactly to thirty nine Megalithic Yards) and consists of twenty three standing stones and one recumbent that has disappeared over the last century, they were originally thought to number twenty eight. The stones are well presented situated near the top of Shephard&#39;s Hill at an altitude of 306 m. The stones are generally rectangular and measure between 0.6 m and 1.6 m high by 1.45 ft wide. They are spaced approximately 3.7 m apart, slightly more irregular but in line with other big Bodmin Moor circles. Reverend A. H. Malan discovered the circle in 1906 when only three stones remained standing. Local farmers supplied workers to erect the fallen stones in their current position and it is clear that several stones were inverted, spaced incorrectly with some reversed faces and possibly in the wrong places.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>There are remains of a large hilltop cairn is situated approximately 80 m southwest of the stone circle at. The cairn shows no sign of kerb or cist and consists of a rocky mound covered in turf and approximately 19.5 m in diameter and 0.7 m high. Stones may have been removed for use in adjacent dry stone walls as it has been damaged on the northern side. There are also some remaining hut circles in the area showing signs of ancient settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>The Collins Block is a historic commercial building located at 204 South Mill Street in Aspen, Colorado. It is a brick and stone structure erected in the early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>It was the last major construction project in the city before the silver-mining industry, mainstay of Aspen&#39;s economy, collapsed following the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. The classically inspired decorative touches, such as a colonnade-supported roof over the sidewalk and an elaborate cornice, are the only ones on a commercial building in the city. They anticipate the wider embrace of the Classical Revival style in other cities that began a few years later.</p><br>
<p>For much of its existence it housed a lumber supply store. Local developer Harley Baldwin, owner of the neighboring Brand Building, bought it in 1988. After renovations, he began leasing space within the buildings to upscale retailers, earning the two the combined nickname of "Gucci Gulch". The Caribou Club, a members-only restaurant and Aspen institution, is located in the basement.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The building is located on the southeast corner of the intersection of East Hopkins Avenue and South Mill Street. Other commercial structures, historic and modern, fill the built-out blocks. To the immediate east is the Brand Building, with Aspen City Hall on the opposite far corner. Both are listed on the Register. At the south end of the opposite block of Mill is another listed building, the Wheeler Opera House, opposite a pedestrian mall.</p><br>
<p>Like most of its neighbors (except the Wheeler), the Collins Block is two stories high. The north frontage, along East Hopkins, is five bays long with the western facade seven. Rusticated sandstone, interrupted by several storefronts and a recessed corner entrance with column, faces the first floor on both sides. A flat wooden roof extends out to cover the sidewalk on both sides, supported by smooth round wooden Tuscan columns.</p><br>
<p>The second story is faced in brick. On the north face fenestration is one-over-one double-hung sash windows. Its middle three bays have a recessed porch with Ionic columns and a wooden balustrade. At the roofline is a lightly dentilled cornice with broad overhanging eaves. The roof itself is flat.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the ground level consists of storefronts and offices. The upstairs level is a residence. In the basement is the Caribou Club.</p><br>
<h3>Caribou Club</h3><br>
<p>Entrance to the Caribou Club is via an unmarked mahogany door with brass trim. It opens into a paneled entry area with 19th-century Western landscape paintings. On the east is the entrance to the Great Room, similarly paneled in wood and British racing green. It is decorated with more landscapes, by Frederic Remington and Albert Bierstadt, among others. Its dominant piece of furniture is a 10-foot (3 m) sofa with an equally long ottoman.</p><br>
<p>The main corridor leads around the Great Room past bathrooms, the wine cellar and two private rooms to the bar, also accessible from the Great Room. The room has many personal pictures from members on its wall. The bar itself is mahogany with a brass rail along the floor.</p><br>
<p>In the southeast corner is the dining room. It is finished in a shade described as "somewhere between Etruscan red and a ripe tomato." Light is furnished by candles and antler chandeliers. There are six round tables for diners.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Samuel Collins began construction of the building in 1891, when the city was at the peak of its population and prosperity due to the Colorado Silver Boom. It was designed to have businesses on the first floor and offices on the second. Collins had problems with the carpenters union that delayed completion of the project for two years. That delay may have accounted for the disparity between the more Victorian look of the stone lower story and the neoclassical elements of the upper story. The latter may have been inspired by the influential use of neoclassical design at the Chicago Worlds Fair of 1893.</p><br>
<p>Later that year, Congress repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which had required the federal government regularly purchase the metal to back the dollar in addition to gold. Aspen, which had grown so rich so rapidly from those sales of its silver, suffered severely as the market collapsed and many of its miners left for the gold fields of Cripple Creek. The Collins survived into the city&#39;s ensuing "quiet years" of steady population decline, when vacancy and disuse felled many of the other relics of that era.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, a time when Aspen was down to less than a thousand people, the Collins housed a mortuary. A couple named Tom and Alice Rachel Sardy bought it in 1938</p><br>
<p>The mortuary was successful enough that the Sardy family was able to move out and build a house on Main Street across from Paepcke Park which is still known as the Sardy House. They bought a lumber business across the street, moved the mortuary to their house and combined the two businesses into Aspen Lumber & Supply, using almost the whole Collins Block. After World War II, Aspen began to develop into the ski resort town it is today. The Sardys sold part of both their family businesses to Walter Paepcke, the Chicago businessman who guided much of that era of the city&#39;s development. In the late 1940s, Tom Sardy recognized that Aspen would need a modern airport, and after being elected a Pitkin County commissioner worked to get one built. Sardy Field at Aspen-Pitkin County Airport is named in his honor.</p><br>
<p>In 1988 the Collins was acquired by Aspen developer and businessman Harley Baldwin, who already owned the neighboring Brand Building. Returning to Aspen after 16 years of activity in New York, he undertook extensive renovations to the structure. The upper floor he returned to residential use, building for himself and his partner, Richard Edwards, a 6,000 ft&sup2; penthouse that was later featured in Architectural Digest.</p><br>
<p>On the ground level he eased out the remnants of the hardware store and other, similar retail tenants. In their place came upscale fashion boutiques such as Bulgari and Brioni, complementing the Louis Vuitton, Gucci and Dior presence at the other end of the block. These entrants into the local marketplace, into a city that had not previously shown the effect of its growing population of rich and famous residents, earned the two buildings the nickname "Glitter Gulch", which eventually became applied to Aspen as a whole.</p><br>
<p>In the basement of the Collins, Baldwin built the Caribou Club. Admission was limited to members only, the first time such an establishment had opened in Aspen, where celebrities and locals had previously mixed at the Hotel Jeromes bar. Baldwin was criticized for this, but the Caribou became one of the citys most popular nightspots. Diana Ross and Tom Ford, as well as businesspeople like Warren Lichtenstein and Lynda Resnick, are among the regulars.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with many other historic properties in the city.</p><br>
<p>Punkatasset Hill is a hill located in Concord, Massachusetts. It is one of the highest points in the town at 289 ft.</p><br>
<p>The hill was originally known as Broad-topped Hill by the native Indians and was cultivated and farmed from the 17th century on.</p><br>
<p>In 1775, as the British troops marched into Concord, the Concord Minutemen took position atop Punkatasset Hill. On the hill they were met with reinforcements from the surrounding towns and the number of soldiers grew to at least 400. From their vantage point they saw the smoke of burning militia supply by the British from the center of Concord. Fearing it was their homes being burned, Colonel Barrett led his militia down to a hill only a few hundred yards from the Old North Bridge, and then to the Old North Bridge itself.</p><br>
<p>In the late 19th century, on clear days Concordians and visitors were treated to vistas of Boston, Mount Wachusett, and Mount Monadnock.</p><br>
<p>During the early 20th century, Punkatasset Hill was home to Concord&#39;s only ski slope. There was never a ski lift, but ski jumping contests were held there during the 1930s. Today the slope remains cleared, but not in use.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the land was sold from private property to the town and converted to conservation land. Today Punkatasset Hill and the adjacent Estabrook Woods are popular hiking and walking destinations.</p><br>
<p>The Moravian Sun Inn was an 18th-century inn built by the Moravian community at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania to provide accommodations for non-Moravian merchants who had business with the community. Many people prominent during the American Revolution stayed there, including George Washington, Martha Washington, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and the Marquis de Lafayette. On September 22, 1777 fourteen members of the Continental Congress signed the register and stayed overnight.</p><br>
<p>The original inn was built in 1758, as a 66 by, two-story stone building with a mansard roof. In 1826 a third story was added with 17 new rooms. In 1866 the building was again enlarged, almost completely hiding the original inn. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>After Washingtons defeat at the Battle of Brandywine much of the American armys baggage and stores were kept near the inn and many people fleeing Philadelphia stayed at the inn. During Friess Rebellion in 1799 seventeen of Friess followers were held at the inn and then freed by Fries.</p><br>
